Best of Shareware/Best of PC Windows Shareware 1.0 - Wayzata Technology (7111) (1993).iso/mac/DOS/EDITORS/ELV17EXE/ELVISMAN.TXT

Text File | 1992-12-31 | 207KB | 5,743 lines

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                            - a clone of vi/ex -
                                version 1.7





















     Author:  Steve Kirkendall
              14407 SW Teal Blvd., Apt C
              Beaverton, OR 97005

     E-Mail:  [e-mail]

     Phone:   [phone]










                                   - 1 -







                             Table of Contents


     INTRODUCTION What Elvis does, Copyright, How to compile
     Elvis, Overview ................................................ 1

     VISUAL MODE COMMANDS Normal interactive editing, Input
     mode, Arrow keys, Digraphs, Abbreviations, Auto-
     indentation .................................................... 2

     COLON MODE COMMANDS Line specifiers, Text entry, Cut &
     paste, Display text, Global operations, Line
     editing, Undo, Configuration & status, Multiple
     files, Switching files, Working with a compiler,
     Exiting, File I/O, Directory & shell, Debugging ................ 3

     REGULAR EXPRESSIONS Syntax, Options, Substitutions,
     Examples ....................................................... 4

     OPTIONS Autoindent, Autoprint, etc.  ............................ 5

     CUT BUFFERS Putting text into a cut buffer, Pasting from
     a cut buffer, Macros, The effect of switching files ............ 6

     DIFFERENCES BETWEEN Elvis AND THE REAL VI/EX Extensions,
     Omissions ...................................................... 7

     INTERNAL For programmers only, The temporary file,
     Implementation of editing, Marks and the cursor,
     Colon command interpretation, Screen control,
     Portability .................................................... 8

     MAKEFILE ....................................................... 9

     CFLAGS ........................................................ 10

     TERMCAP ....................................................... 11

     ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES ......................................... 12

     VERSIONS ...................................................... 13

     QUESTIONS & ANSWERS ........................................... 14


          UNIX-style "man" pages appear at the end of this manual.












                                   - 1 -







     1.  INTRODUCTION

          Elvis is a clone  of vi/ex, the standard UNIX editor.  Elvis
     supports nearly  all of the  vi/ex commands, in  both visual mode
     and colon mode.

          Like vi/ex,  Elvis stores  most of  the text in  a temporary
     file, instead of RAM.  This allows  it to edit files that are too
     large to  fit in  a single process'  data space.  Also,  the edit
     buffer can survive a power failure or crash.

          Elvis runs  under BSD UNIX,  AT&T SysV UNIX,  Minix, MS-DOS,
     Atari  TOS,  Coherent, OS9/68000,  VMS  and  AmigaDos.  The  next
     version  is also  expected  to add  MS-Windows,  OS/2 and  MacOS.
     Contact me before you start  porting it to some other OS, because
     somebody else may have already done it for you.

          Elvis is  freely redistributable,  in either source  form or
     executable form.   There are no  restrictions on how  you may use
     it.

     1.1 Compiling

          See the  "Versions" section of this  manual for instructions
     on how to compile Elvis.

          If you want to port  Elvis to another O.S. or compiler, then
     you  should  start  be  reading  the  "Portability" part  of  the
     "Internal" section.

     1.2 Overview of Elvis

          The user  interface of Elvis/vi/ex is  weird.  There are two
     major command modes in Elvis, and a few text input modes as well.
     Each command mode has a command which allows you to switch to the
     other mode.

          You will  probably use the  visual command mode  most of the
     time.  This is the mode that Elvis normally starts up in.

          In  visual command  mode, the entire  screen is  filled with
     lines of text from  your file.  Each keystroke is interpretted as
     part of a visual command.  If  you start typing text, it will not
     be inserted, it will be treated  as part of a command.  To insert
     text, you  must first give  an "insert text"  command.  This will
     take some  getting used to.  (An  alternative exists.  Lookup the
     "inputmode" option.)

          The  colon mode  is quite different.   Elvis displays  a ":"
     character on the bottom line of the screen, as a prompt.  You are
     then expected to type in a command line and hit the <Return> key.
     The set  of commands  recognized in  the colon mode  is different
     from visual mode's.





                                   - 1 -







     2.  VISUAL MODE COMMANDS

          Most  visual  mode commands  are  one  keystroke long.   The
     following table lists  the operation performed by each keystroke,
     and also denotes any options or arguments that it accepts.  Notes
     at the end of the table describe the notation used in this table.

          In addition to the keys listed here, your keyboard's "arrow"
     keys  will be  interpretted  as the  appropriate cursor  movement
     commands.  The same goes  for <PgUp> and <PgDn>, if your keyboard
     has them.   The <Insert> key will toggle  between insert mode and
     replace  mode.  There  is  a colon  mode command  (":map", to  be
     described later) which will  allow you to define other keys, such
     as function keys.

          A tip: visual command mode looks a lot like text input mode.
     If you forget  which mode you're in, just hit  the <Esc> key.  If
     Elvis beeps,  then you're in visual command  mode.  If Elvis does
     not beep, then  you were in input mode, but  by hitting <Esc> you
     will  have  switched to  visual  command mode.   So,  one way  or
     another, after <Esc> Elvis will be ready for a command.
     COMMAND      DESCRIPTION
            ^A    Search for next occurence of word at cursor (MOVE)(EXT)
            ^B    Move toward the top of the file by 1 screenful
            ^C    --- (usually sends SIGINT, to interupt a command)
     count  ^D    Scroll down <count> lines (default 1/2 screen)
     count  ^E    Scroll up <count> lines
            ^F    Move toward the bottom of the file by 1 screenful
            ^G    Show file status, and the current line #
     count  ^H    Move left, like h (MOVE)
            ^I    ---
     count  ^J    Move down (MOVE)
            ^K    ---
            ^L    Redraw the screen
     count  ^M    Move to the front of the next line (MOVE)
     count  ^N    Move down (MOVE)
            ^O    ---
     count  ^P    Move up (MOVE)
            ^Q    --- (typically XON, which restarts screen updates)
            ^R    Redraw the screen
            ^S    --- (typically XOFF, which stops screen updates)
            ^T    ---
     count  ^U    Scroll up <count> lines (default 1/2 screen)
            ^V    ---
            ^W    ---
     count  ^X    Move to a physical column number on the screen (MOVE) (EXT)
     count  ^Y    Scroll down <count> lines
            ^Z    --- (sometimes sends SIGSUSP, to suspend execution)
            ESC   ---
            ^\    --- (usually sends SIGQUIT, which is ignored)
            ^]    If the cursor is on a tag name, go to that tag
            ^^    Switch to the previous file, like ":e #"
            ^_    ---
     count  SPC   Move right,like l (MOVE)
            ! mv  Run the selected lines thru an external filter program



                                   - 1 -







            " key Select which cut buffer to use next
     count  # +   Increment a number (EDIT) (EXT)
            $     Move to the rear of the current line (MOVE)
     count  %     Move to matching (){}[] or to a given % of file (MOVE) (EXT)
     count  &     Repeat the previous ":s//" command here (EDIT)
            ' key Move to a marked line (MOVE)
     count  (     Move backward <count> sentences (MOVE)
     count  )     Move forward <count> sentences (MOVE)
            *     Go to the next error in the errlist (EXT)
     count  +     Move to the front of the next line (MOVE)
     count  ,     Repeat the previous [fFtT] but in the other direction (MOVE)
     count  -     Move to the front of the preceding line (MOVE)
     count  .     Repeat the previous "edit" command
            / textSearch forward for a given regular expression (MOVE)
            0     If not part of count, move to 1st char of this line (MOVE)
            1     Part of count
            2     Part of count
            3     Part of count
            4     Part of count
            5     Part of count
            6     Part of count
            7     Part of count
            8     Part of count
            9     Part of count
            : textRun single EX cmd
     count  ;     Repeat the previous [fFtT] cmd (MOVE)
            < mv  Shift text left (EDIT)
            = mv  Reformat
            > mv  Shift text right (EDIT)
            ? textSearch backward for a given regular expression (MOVE)
            @ key Execute the contents of a cut-buffer as VI commands
     count  A inp Append at end of the line (EDIT)
     count  B     Move back Word (MOVE)
            C inp Change text from the cursor through the end of the line (EDIT)
            D     Delete text from the cursor through the end of the line (EDIT)
     count  E     Move end of Word (MOVE)
     count  F key Move leftward to a given character (MOVE)
     count  G     Move to line #<count> (default is the bottom line) (MOVE)
     count  H     Move to home row (the line at the top of the screen)
     count  I inp Insert at the front of the line (after indents) (EDIT)
     count  J     Join lines, to form one big line (EDIT)
            K     Look up keyword (EXT)
     count  L     Move to last row (the line at the bottom of the screen)
            M     Move to middle row
            N     Repeat previous search, but in the opposite direction (MOVE)
     count  O inp Open up a new line above the current line (EDIT)
            P     Paste text before the cursor (EDIT)
            Q     Quit to EX mode
            R inp Overtype (EDIT)
     count  S inp Change lines, like <count>cc
     count  T key Move leftward *almost* to a given character (MOVE)
            U     Undo all recent changes to the current line
            V     Start marking lines for c/d/y/</>/!/\ (EXT)
     count  W     Move forward <count> Words (MOVE)
     count  X     Delete the character(s) to the left of the cursor (EDIT)



                                   - 2 -







     count  Y     Yank text line(s) (copy them into a cut buffer)
            Z Z   Save the file & exit
            [ [   Move back 1 section (MOVE)
            \ mv  Pop-up menu for modifying text (EXT)
            ] ]   Move forward 1 section (MOVE)
            ^     Move to the front of the current line (after indent) (MOVE)
     count  _     Move to the current line
            ` key Move to a marked character (MOVE)
     count  a inp Insert text after the cursor (EDIT)
     count  b     Move back <count> words (MOVE)
            c mv  Change text (EDIT)
            d mv  Delete text (EDIT)
     count  e     Move forward to the end of the current word (MOVE)
     count  f key Move rightward to a given character (MOVE)
            g     ---
     count  h     Move left (MOVE)
     count  i inp Insert text at the cursor (EDIT)
     count  j     Move down (MOVE)
     count  k     Move up (MOVE)
     count  l     Move right (MOVE)
            m key Mark a line or character
            n     Repeat the previous search (MOVE)
     count  o inp Open a new line below the current line (EDIT)
            p     Paste text after the cursor (EDIT)
            q     ---
     count  r key Replace <count> chars by a given character (EDIT)
     count  s inp Replace <count> chars with text from the user (EDIT)
     count  t key Move rightward *almost* to a given character (MOVE)
            u     Undo the previous edit command
            v     Start marking characters for c/d/y/</>/!/\ (EXT)
     count  w     Move forward <count> words (MOVE)
     count  x     Delete the character that the cursor's on (EDIT)
            y mv  Yank text (copy it into a cut buffer)
            z key Scroll current line to the screen's +=top -=bottom .=middle
     count  {     Move back <count> paragraphs (MOVE)
     count  |     Move to column <count> (the leftmost column is 1)
     count  }     Move forward <count> paragraphs (MOVE)
     count  ~     Switch a character between uppercase & lowercase (EDIT)
            DEL   --- (usually mapped to shift-X, so it deletes one character)

     count  Many  commands may  be  preceded by  a count.   This is  a
            sequence  of digits  representing a  decimal  number.  For
            most commands  that use a  count, the command  is repeated
            <count> times.  The  count is always optional, and usually
            defaults to 1.

     key    Some  commands  require  two  keystrokes.  The  first  key
            always determines  which command  is to be  executed.  The
            second key is used as a parameter to the command.

     mv     Some commands  (! < > c  d y \ =)  operate on text between
            the cursor and  some other position.  There are three ways
            that you can specifify that other position.





                                   - 3 -








            The first  way is to  follow the command  keystroke with a
            movement  command.   For example,  "dw"  deletes a  single
            word.  "d3w" and "3dw" both delete three words.

            The  second way  is to type  the command  keystroke twice.
            This causes  whole lines to  be acted upon.   For example,
            ">>" indents the  current line.  "3>>" indents the current
            line and the following two lines.

            The last way is to move the cursor to one end of the text,
            type 'v'  or 'V' to start marking, move  the cursor to the
            other end, and then type the desired command key.

     inp    Many commands allow  the user to interactively enter text.
            See  the  discussion  of  "input  mode" in  the  following
            section.

     (EXT)  These commands are  extensions -- the real vi doesn't have
            them.

     (EDIT) These commands affect text, and may be repeated by the "."
            command.

     (MOVE) These commands move the cursor, and may be used to specify
            the extent of a member of the "mv" class of commands.

     2.1 Input Mode

          You  can't type  text into  your  file directly  from visual
     command mode.  Instead, you  must first give a command which will
     put  you   into  input  mode.   The  commands   to  do  this  are
     A/C/I/O/R/S/a/i/o/s.

          The S/s/C/c commands temporarily place a $ at the end of the
     text that they are going to change.

          In input mode, all  keystrokes are inserted into the text at
     the cursor's position, except for the following:
          ^A     insert a copy of the last input text
          ^D     delete one indent character
          ^H     (backspace) erase the character before the cursor
          ^L     redraw the screen
          ^M     (carriage return) insert a newline (^J, linefeed)
          ^O     execute next key as a visual command (limited!)
          ^P     insert the contents of the cut buffer
          ^R     redraw the screen, like ^L
          ^T     insert an indent character
          ^U     backspace to the beginning of the line
          ^V     insert the following keystroke, even if special
          ^W     backspace to the beginning of the current word
          ^Z^Z   write the file & exit Elvis
          ^[     (ESCape) exit from input mode, back to command mode





                                   - 4 -







          Also, on  some systems, ^S  may stop output,  ^Q may restart
     output, and  ^C may interupt  execution.  ^@ (the  NUL character)
     cannot be inserted.

          The R  visual command puts you in overtype  mode, which is a
     slightly different  form of input  mode.  In overtype  mode, each
     time you insert a character, one of the old characters is deleted
     from the file.

     2.2 Arrow keys in Input Mode

          The arrow keys can be used to move the cursor in input mode.
     (This is an extension; the  real Vi doesn't support arrow keys in
     input mode.)  The <PgUp>, <PgDn>, <Home>, and  <End> keys work in
     input mode, too.  The  <Delete> key deletes a single character in
     input  mode.  The  <Insert> key  toggles  between input  mode and
     replace mode.

          The best  thing about allowing  arrow keys to  work in input
     mode is that as long as you're in input mode, Elvis seems to have
     a fairly ordinary  user interface.  With most other text editors,
     you are always in either insert mode or replace mode, and you can
     use the  arrow keys at any  time to move the  cursor.  Now, Elvis
     can act like that, too.  In fact, with the new "inputmode" option
     and the  "control-Z control-Z" input command,  you may never have
     to go into visual command mode for simple edit sessions.

     2.3 Digraphs

          Elvis  supports  digraphs   as  a  way  to  enter  non-ASCII
     characters.  A  digraph is a  character which is  composed of two
     other characters.   For example, an  apostrophe and the  letter i
     could be defined  as a digraph which is to  be stored & displayed
     as an accented i.

          There  is no  single standard  for extended  ASCII character
     sets.   Elvis can  be compiled  to fill  the digraph  with values
     appropriate for  either the IBM PC character  set, or the LATIN-1
     character  set   used  by  X  windows,   or  neither.   (See  the
     discussions of  -DCS_IBMPC and -DCS_LATIN1 in  the CFLAGS section
     of this manual.)  You can view or edit the  digraph table via the
     ":digraph" colon command.

          Digraphs will  not be recognized until  you've entered ":set
     digraph".

          To actually use a digraph type the first character, then hit
     <Backspace>, and then type the second character.  Elvis will then
     substitute the non-ASCII character in their place.

     2.4 Abbreviations







                                   - 5 -







          Elvis  can  expand abbreviations  for  you.   You define  an
     abbreviation with  the :abbr command, and  then whenever you type
     in  the  abbreviated   form  while  in  input  mode,  Elvis  will
     immediately  replace it  with the  long form.   COBOL programmers
     should find this useful. :-)

          Elvis doesn't perform the substitution until you type a non-
     alphanumeric character to mark the  end of the word.  If you type
     a  control-V before that  non-alphanumeric character,  then Elvis
     will not perform the substitution.

     2.5 Auto-Indent

          With  the ":set  autoindent"  option turned  on, Elvis  will
     automatically insert leading  whitespace at the beginning of each
     new line that you type in.  The leading whitespace is copied from
     the preceding line.

          To add  more leading whitespace, type  control-T.  To remove
     some whitespace, type control-D.

          If you  ":set noautotab",  then the whitespace  generated by
     control-T  will always  consist of  spaces  -- never  tabs.  Some
     people seem to prefer this.

          Elvis' autoindent mode  isn't 100% compatible with vi's.  In
     Elvis, 0^D  and ^^D don't  work, ^U can  wipeout all indentation,
     and sometimes  Elvis will use  a different amount  of indentation
     than vi would.





























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     3.  COLON MODE COMMANDS
             LINES               COMMAND   ARGUMENTS
                                 ab[br]    [short] [expanded form]
             [line]              a[ppend][!]
                                 ar[gs]    [files]
                                 cc        [files]
                                 cd[!]     [directory]
             [line][,line]       c[hange]
                                 chd[ir][!][directory]
             [line][,line]       co[py]    line
                                 col[or]   [when] [[light] color] [on color]
             [line][,line]       d[elete]  [x]
                                 dig[raph][!][XX [Y]]
                                 e[dit][!] [file]
                                 er[rlist][!][errlist]
                                 f[ile]    [file]
             [line][,line]       g[lobal]  /regexp/ command
             [line]              i[nsert]
             [line][,line]       j[oin][!]
             [line][,line]       l[ist]
                                 mak[e]    [target]
                                 map[!]    key mapped_to
             [line]              ma[rk]    x
                                 mk[exrc]
             [line][,line]       m[ove]    line
                                 n[ext][!] [files]
                                 N[ext][!]
             [line][,line]       nu[mber]
             [line][,line]       p[rint]
             [line]              pu[t]     [x]
                                 q[uit][!]
             [line]              r[ead]    file
                                 rew[ind][!]
                                 se[t]     [options]
                                 so[urce]  file
             [line][,line]       s[ubstitute]/regexp/replacement/[p][g][c]
                                 ta[g][!]  tagname
                                 una[bbr]  [short]
                                 u[ndo]
                                 unm[ap][!]key
                                 ve[rsion]
             [line][,line]       v[global] /regexp/ command
                                 vi[sual]  [filename]
                                 wq
             [line][,line]       w[rite][!][[>>]file]
                                 x[it][!]
             [line][,line]       y[ank]    [x]
             [line][,line]       !         command
             [line][,line]       <
             [line][,line]       =
             [line][,line]       >
             [line][,line]       &
                                 @          x





                                   - 1 -







          To  use colon  mode commands,  you  must switch  from visual
        command mode to  colon command mode.  The visual mode commands
        to do this are ":" for a single colon command, or "Q" for many
        colon mode commands.

        3.1 Line Specifiers

          Line  specifiers  are   always  optional.   The  first  line
        specifier  of most  commands usually  defaults to  the current
        line.  The  second line specifier  usually defaults to  be the
        same  as the  first  line specifier.   Exceptions are  :write,
        :global, and  :vglobal, which act on all lines  of the file by
        default, and :!, which acts on no lines by default.

          Line specifiers  consist of an absolute  part and a relative
        part.  The absolute part of  a line specifier may be either an
        explicit  line number,  a mark,  a dot  to denote  the current
        line, a dollar sign to denote  the last line of the file, or a
        forward or backward search.

          An  explicit  line   number  is  simply  a  decimal  number,
        expressed as a string of digits.

          A mark  is typed in  as an apostrophe followed  by a letter.
        Marks must be set before they can be used.  You can set a mark
        in visual command mode by typing  "m" and a letter, or you can
        set it in colon command mode via the "mark" command.

          A  forward  search  is  typed  in  as a  regular  expression
        surrounded  by  slash  characters;  searching  begins  at  the
        default  line.  A  backward search  is typed  in as  a regular
        expression surrounded  by question marks;  searching begins at
        the line before the default line.

          If  you omit  the absolute  part, then  the default  line is
        used.

          The relative part  of a line specifier is typed  as a "+" or
        "-"  character followed  by a decimal  number.  The  number is
        added  to or  subtracted from  the absolute  part of  the line
        specifier to produce the final line number.

          As a  special case, the  % character may be  used to specify
        all lines  of the  file.  It  is roughly equivelent  to saying
        1,$.  This can be a handy shortcut.

          Some examples:
             :p           print the current line
             :37p         print line 37
             :'gp         print the line which contains mark g
             :/foo/p      print the next line that contains "foo"
             :$p          print the last line of the file
             :20,30p      print lines 20 through 30
             :1,$p        print all lines of the file
             :%p          print all lines of the file



                                   - 2 -







             :/foo/-2,+4p print 5 lines around the next "foo"

        3.2 Text Entry Commands
             [line] append
             [line][,line] change ["x]
             [line] insert

          The append command inserts text after the specified line.

          The insert command inserts text before the specified line.

          The  change command  copies the  range of  lines into  a cut
        buffer, deletes them, and  inserts new text where the old text
        used to be.

          For all of these commands,  you indicate the end of the text
        you're inserting  by hitting  ^D or  by entering a  line which
        contains only a period.

        3.3 Cut & Paste Commands
             [line][,line] delete ["x]
             [line][,line] yank ["x]
             [line] put ["x]
             [line][,line] copy line
             [line][,line] to line
             [line][,line] move line

          The delete command  copies the specified range of lines into
        a cut buffer, and then deletes them.

          The yank command copies  the specified range of lines into a
        cut buffer, but does *not* delete them.

          The put  command inserts  text from  a cut buffer  after the
        specified line.

          The copy  and to commands yank the  specified range of lines
        and then immediately paste them after some other line.

          The move  command deletes the  specified range of  lines and
        then immediately  pastes them after  some other line.   If the
        destination line comes after the deleted text, then it will be
        adjusted automatically to account for the deleted lines.

        3.4 Display Text Commands
             [line][,line] print
             [line][,line] list
             [line][,line] number

          The print command displays the specified range of lines.








                                   - 3 -







          The number command displays the lines, with line numbers.

          The list  command also displays  them, but it  is careful to
        make control characters visible.

        3.5 Global Operations Commands
             [line][,line] global /regexp/ command
             [line][,line] vglobal /regexp/ command

          The  global  command  searches  through  the  lines  of  the
        specified  range (or  through the  whole file  if no  range is
        specified) for lines  that contain a given regular expression.
        It then moves the cursor to  each of these lines and runs some
        other command on them.

          The vglobal  command is similar,  but it searches  for lines
        that don't contain the regular expression.

        3.6 Line Editing Commands
             [line][,line] join[!]
             [line][,line] ! program
             [line][,line] <
             [line][,line] >
             [line][,line] substitute /regexp/replacement/[p][g][c]
             [line][,line] &

          The join command  catenates all lines in the specified range
        together  to form  one big  line.   If only  a single  line is
        specified, then the  following line is catenated onto it.  The
        normal ":join"  inserts one or  two spaces between  the lines;
        the ":join!" variation (with a '!') doesn't insert spaces.

          The ! command runs an external filter program, and feeds the
        specified range  of lines to  it's stdin.  The  lines are then
        replaced by the output of the filter.  A typical example would
        be ":'a,'z!sort" to sort the lines 'a,'z.

          The < and > commands shift the specified range of lines left
        or  right, normally  by  the width  of 1  tab character.   The
        "shiftwidth" option determines the shifting amount.

          The substitute command  finds the regular expression in each
        line,  and replaces  it with  the  replacement text.   The "p"
        option causes the altered lines to be printed.  The "g" option
        permits all instances of  the regular expression to be found &
        replaced.   (Without "g",  only the  first occurrence  in each
        line is replaced.) The "c" option asks for confirmation before
        each substitution.

          The  & command  repeats the  previous  substitution command.
        Actually, "&"  is equivelent to "s//~/"  with the same options
        as  last time.   It searches for  the last  regular expression
        that you  specified for any purpose, and  replaces it with the
        the same text that was used in the previous substitution.




                                   - 4 -







        3.7 Undo Command
             undo

          The undo  command restores the  file to the state  it was in
        before your most recent command which changed text.

        3.8 Configuration & Status Commands
             map[!] [key mapped_to]
             unmap[!] key
             abbr [word expanded_form_of_word]
             unabbr word
             digraph[!] [XX [Y]]
             set [options]
             mkexrc
             [line] mark "x
             visual
             version
             [line][,line] =
             file [file]
             source file
             @ "x
             color [when] [["light"] color] ["on" color]

          The map  command allows you to  configure Elvis to recognize
        your function keys,  and treat them as though they transmitted
        some other  sequence of characters.  Normally  this mapping is
        done only  when in the  visual command mode, but  with the [!]
        present  it will  map keys  under input  and replace  modes as
        well.  When this command is given with no arguments, it prints
        a table showing all mappings currently in effect.  When called
        with  two  arguments,  the first  is  the  sequence that  your
        function key really sends, and the second is the sequence that
        you want Elvis to treat it as having sent.  As a special case,
        if  the first  argument is  a number then  Elvis will  map the
        corresponding  function key;  for  example, ":map  7 dd"  will
        cause the <F7> key to delete a line.

          The unmap command removes key definitions that were made via
        the map command.

          The  abbr  command   is  used  to  define/list  a  table  of
        abbreviations.  The  table contains both  the abbreviated form
        and the  fully spelled-out form.  When  you're in visual input
        mode, and you type in the abbreviated form, Elvis will replace
        the abbreviated  form with  the fully spelled-out  form.  When
        this command is  called without arguments, it lists the table;
        with two or more arguments, the first argument is taken as the
        abbreviated  form, and  the rest  of the  command line  is the
        fully-spelled out form.

          The unabbr command deletes entries from the abbr table.







                                   - 5 -







          The  digraph  command  allows  you  to  display the  set  of
        digraphs  that Elvis  is using, or  add/remove a  digraph.  To
        list  the set  of digraphs,  use the  digraph command  with no
        arguments.   To add  a digraph,  you  should give  the digraph
        command two  arguments.  The first  argument is the  two ASCII
        characters that  are to  be combined;  the second is  the non-
        ASCII   character   that   they  represent.    The   non-ASCII
        character's most  significant bit is automatically  set by the
        digraph command,  unless to  append a  ! to the  command name.
        Removal of  a digraph is  similar to adding  a digraph, except
        that you should leave off the second argument.

          The set  command allows you examine  or set various options.
        With no arguments, it displays the values of options that have
        been changed.  With  the single argument "all" it displays the
        values  of all  options,  regardless of  whether they've  been
        explicitly set  or not.  Otherwise, the  arguments are treated
        as options to be set.

          The mkexrc command saves the current configuration to a file
        called ".exrc" in the current directory.

          The mark command defines a named mark to refer to a specific
        place in  the file.   This mark may  be used later  to specify
        lines for other commands.

          The  visual  command  puts  the  editor  into  visual  mode.
        Instead of emulating ex, Elvis will start emulating vi.

          The  version command  tells you that  what version  of Elvis
        this is.

          The = command tells you  what line you specified, or, if you
        specified a  range of lines,  it will tell  you both endpoints
        and the number of lines included in the range.

          The file command tells you  the name of the file, whether it
        has been  modified, the number  of lines in the  file, and the
        current line  number.  You can also use it  to change the name
        of the current file.

          The source  command reads a sequence  of colon mode commands
        from a file, and interprets them.

          The @  command executes the  contents of a  cut-buffer as EX
        commands.

          The color command only works under MS-DOS, or if you have an
        ANSI-compatible  color terminal.   It  allows you  to set  the
        foreground and background  colors for different types of text:
        normal, bold,  italic, underlined, standout,  pop-up menu, and
        visible  selection.   By  default,  it  changes  the  "normal"
        colors;  to change  other colors,  the  first argument  to the
        :color command should be the  first letter of the type of text
        you  want.  The  syntax for  the  colors themselves  is fairly



                                   - 6 -







        intuitive.  For  example, ":color  light cyan on  blue" causes
        normal  text  to  be   displayed  in  light  cyan  on  a  blue
        background, and ":color b bright white" causes bold text to be
        displayed  in   bright  white  on  a   blue  background.   The
        background  color always  defaults to  the  current background
        color of normal  text.  Your first :color command must specify
        both the foreground and background for normal text.

        3.9 Multiple File Commands
             args [files]
             next[!] [files]
             Next[!]
             previous[!]
             rewind[!]

          When you  invoke Elvis from  your shell's command  line, any
        filenames that  you give to  Elvis as arguments  are stored in
        the args  list.  The args  command will display  this list, or
        define a new one.

          The next command switches  from the current file to the next
        one in the  args list.  You may specify a  new args list here,
        too.

          The Next  and previous commands (they're  really aliases for
        the  same  command)  switch  from  the  current  file  to  the
        preceding file in the args list.

          The  rewind command  switches from the  current file  to the
        first file in the args list.

        3.10 Switching Files
             edit[!] [file]
             tag[!] tagname

          The edit  command allows to switch from  the current file to
        some other  file.  This has nothing to do  with the args list,
        by the way.

          The tag  command looks up  a given tagname in  a file called
        "tags".  This  tells it which file  the tag is in,  and how to
        find it  in that file.  Elvis then switches  to the tag's file
        and finds the tag.

        3.11 Working with a Compiler
             cc [files]
             make [target]
             errlist[!] [errlist]

          The  cc and  make commands execute  your compiler  or "make"
        utility  and redirect  any error messages  into a  file called
        "errlist".  By  default, cc is run on  the current file.  (You
        should  write  it  before running  cc.)  The  contents of  the
        "errlist"  file are  then scanned for  error messages.   If an
        error message  is found, then the cursor is  moved to the line



                                   - 7 -







        where the error was detected, and the description of the error
        is displayed on the status line.

          After you've fixed  one error, the errlist command will move
        the cursor to the next error.  In visual command mode, hitting
        `*' will do this, too.

          You can also create an "errlist" file from outside of Elvis,
        and use "elvis -m" to start Elvis and have the cursor moved to
        the  first  error.   Note that  you  don't  need  to supply  a
        filename with "elvis -m" because the error messages always say
        which source file an error is in.

          Note: When you  use errlist repeatedly to fix several errors
        in a single file, it  will attempt to adjust the reported line
        numbers to allow for  lines that you have inserted or deleted.
        These adjustments  are made with the  assumption that you will
        work though the file from the beginning to the end.

        3.12 Exit Commands
             quit[!]
             wq
             xit

          The quit  command exits from the  editor without saving your
        file.

          The wq command writes your file out, then then exits.

          The xit  command is similar  to the wq  command, except that
        xit won't  bother to write  your file if  you haven't modified
        it.

        3.13 File I/O Commands
             [line] read file
             [line][,line] write[!] [[>>]file]

          The read command gets  text from another file and inserts it
        after the  specified line.  It  can also read the  output of a
        program; simply  precede the program name by a  '!' and use it
        in place of the file name.

          The write command writes the whole file, or just part of it,
        to some other file.  The  !, if present, will permit the lines
        to be written even if  you've set the readonly option.  If you
        precede the filename by >>  then the lines will be appended to
        the file.  You  can send the lines to the  standard input of a
        program by  replacing the filename with a  '!' followed by the
        command and its arguments.

          Note:  Be  careful  not  to  confuse ":w!filename"  and  ":w
        !command".  To write to a  program, you must have at least one
        blank before the '!'.

        3.14 Directory Commands



                                   - 8 -







             cd [directory]
             chdir [directory]
             shell

          The cd and chdir commands (really two names for one command)
        switch the current working directory.

          The shell command starts an interactive shell.

        3.15 Debugging Commands
             [line][,line] debug[!]
             validate[!]

          These commands are  only available if you compile Elvis with
        the -DDEBUG flag.

          The  debug command  lists  statistics for  the blocks  which
        contain the  specified range of  lines.  If the  ! is present,
        then the contents of those blocks is displayed, too.

          The validate  command checks certain  variables for internal
        consistency.   Normally it doesn't  output anything  unless it
        detects a problem.  With the !, though, it will always produce
        *some* output.


































                                   - 9 -







     4.  REGULAR EXPRESSIONS


          Elvis   uses   regular   expressions   for   searching   and
     substututions.  A  regular expression is  a text string  in which
     some  characters  have  special  meanings.   This  is  much  more
     powerful than simple text matching.

     Syntax

          Elvis'  regexp package  treats  the following  one- or  two-
     character strings (called meta-characters) in special ways:

     \(subexpression\)
             The  \(  and   \)  metacharacters  are  used  to  delimit
             subexpressions.   When the  regular expression  matches a
             particular  chunk  of  text,  Elvis will  remember  which
             portion  of that  chunk matched  the  subexpression.  The
             :s/regexp/newtext/ command makes use of this feature.

     ^       The ^ metacharacter matches the beginning of a line.  If,
             for example, you wanted to find "foo" at the beginning of
             a  line,  you  would use  a  regular  expression such  as
             /^foo/.  Note that ^ is only a metacharacter if it occurs
             at the beginning  of a regular expression; anyplace else,
             it is treated as a normal character.

     $       The $  metacharacter matches  the end  of a line.   It is
             only  a metacharacter  when  it occurs  at the  end of  a
             regular expression; elsewhere,  it is treated as a normal
             character.  For example, the regular expression /$$/ will
             search for a dollar sign at the end of a line.

     \<      The \< metacharacter  matches a zero-length string at the
             beginning of a word.  A word is considered to be a string
             of 1 or more letters and digits.  A word can begin at the
             beginning of  a line or after  1 or more non-alphanumeric
             characters.

     \>      The \> metacharacter  matches a zero-length string at the
             end of a word.  A word  can end at the end of the line or
             before  1  or   more  non-alphanumeric  characters.   For
             example, /\<end\>/  would find  any instance of  the word
             "end",  but would  ignore any  instances of  e-n-d inside
             another word such as "calendar".

     .       The . metacharacter matches any single character.

     [character-list]
             This  matches any  single character  from  the character-
             list.  Inside  the character-list, you can  denote a span
             of  characters  by   writing  only  the  first  and  last
             characters,   with  a  hyphen   between  them.    If  the
             character-list  is preceded  by a  ^ character,  then the
             list is  inverted -- it  will match character  that isn't



                                   - 1 -







             mentioned in  the list.  For  example, /[a-zA-Z]/ matches
             any  letter, and  /[^ ]/  matches  anything other  than a
             blank.

     \{n\}   This is a closure  operator, which means that it can only
             be   placed  after  something   that  matches   a  single
             character.   It controls  the  number of  times that  the
             single-character expression should be repeated.

             The  \{n\}  operator,   in  particular,  means  that  the
             preceding expression should  be repeated exactly n times.
             For  example,  /^-\{80\}$/   matches  a  line  of  eighty
             hyphens, and  /\<[a-zA-Z]\{4\}\>/ matches any four-letter
             word.

     \{n,m\} This is a closure operator which means that the preceding
             single-character expression should  be repeated between n
             and m  times, inclusive.   If the  m is omitted  (but the
             comma is  present) then m is taken  to be inifinity.  For
             example, /"[^"]\{3,5\}"/ matches any pair of quotes which
             contains three, four, or five non-quote characters.

     *       The  * metacharacter  is a  closure operator  which means
             that  the preceding  single-character  expression can  be
             repeated zero or more times.  It is equivelent to \{0,\}.
             For example, /.*/ matches a whole line.

     \+      The \+  metacharacter is  a closure operator  which means
             that  the preceding  single-character  expression can  be
             repeated one or  more times.  It is equivelent to \{1,\}.
             For example, /.\+/ matches  a whole line, but only if the
             line contains  at least one character.   It doesn't match
             empty lines.

     \?      The  \?   metacharacter  is  a   closure  operator  which
             indicates that  the preceding single-character expression
             is optional --  that is, that it can occur  0 or 1 times.
             It is equivelent  to \{0,1\}.  For example, /no[ -]\?one/
             matches "no one", "no-one", or "noone".

          Anything else  is treated as  a normal character  which must
     exactly  match a  character from the  scanned text.   The special
     strings may  all be preceded by  a backslash to force  them to be
     treated normally.

     Substitutions

          The  :s  command  has  at  least  two arguments:  a  regular
     expression, and a substitution string.  The text that matched the
     regular expression is replaced  by text which is derived from the
     substitution string.







                                   - 2 -








          Most characters  in the substitution string  are copied into
     the text literally but a few have special meaning:
             &    Insert a copy of the original text
             ~    Insert a copy of the previous replacement text
             \1   Insert a copy of that portion of the original text which
                  matched the first set of \( \) parentheses
             \2-\9Do the same for the second (etc.) pair of \( \)
             \U   Convert all chars of any later & or \# to uppercase
             \L   Convert all chars of any later & or \# to lowercase
             \E   End the effect of \U or \L
             \u   Convert the first char of the next & or \# to uppercase
             \l   Convert the first char of the next & or \# to lowercase

          These may  be preceded  by a backslash  to force them  to be
     treated normally.   If "nomagic" mode is in effect,  then & and ~
     will be  treated normally, and you  must write them as  \& and \~
     for them to have special meaning.

     Options

          Elvis  has   two  options  which  affect   the  way  regular
     expressions are  used.  These options may be  examined or set via
     the :set command.

          The first  option is called "[no]magic".   This is a boolean
     option,  and it  is "magic"  (TRUE) by  default.  While  in magic
     mode, all  of the meta-characters behave  as described above.  In
     nomagic mode, only ^ and $ retain their special meaning.

          The  second option  is called  "[no]ignorecase".  This  is a
     boolean  option, and  it  is "noignorecase"  (FALSE) by  default.
     While  in  ignorecase  mode,  the  searching mechanism  will  not
     distinguish between  an uppercase letter and  its lowercase form.
     In  noignorecase mode,  uppercase  and lowercase  are treated  as
     being different.

          Also, the "[no]wrapscan" option affects searches.

     Examples

          This example changes every occurence of "utilize" to "use":

               :%s/utilize/use/g

          This example  deletes all whitespace that  occurs at the end
     of a  line anywhere in the file.  (The  brackets contain a single
     space and a single tab.):

               :%s/[   ]\+$//








                                   - 3 -







          This example converts the current line to uppercase:

               :s/.*/\U&/

          This example underlines  each letter in the current line, by
     changing it into an "underscore backspace letter" sequence.  (The
     ^H is entered as "control-V backspace".):

               :s/[a-zA-Z]/_^H&/g

          This example locates the last colon in a line, and swaps the
     text before  the colon with the text after  the colon.  The first
     \( \) pair is used to delimit the stuff before the colon, and the
     second pair  delimit the stuff after.   In the substitution text,
     \1 and \2 are given in reverse order to perform the swap:

               :s/\(.*\):\(.*\)/\2:\1/









































                                   - 4 -







     5.  OPTIONS

          Options may be set  or examined via the colon command "set".
     The  values  of  options  will  affect  the  operation  of  later
     commands.

          For convenience,  options have both a  long descriptive name
     and a short name which is  easy to type.  You may use either name
     interchangably.  I like the short names, myself.

          There  are  three types  of  options:  Boolean, string,  and
     numeric.  Boolean options are made TRUE by giving the name of the
     option as  an argument to the "set" command;  they are made FALSE
     by prefixing  the name with "no".   For example, "set autoindent"
     makes the autoindent option TRUE, and "set noautoindent" makes it
     FALSE.   Elvis  also  allows boolean  options  to  be toggled  by
     prefixing the name with  "neg".  So, ":map g :set neglist^M" will
     cause the <g> key to  alternately toggle the "list" option on and
     off.   (The "neg"  prefix is  an extension;  the real  vi doesn't
     support it.)

          To change the value of  a string or numeric option, pass the
     "set" command the name of the option, followed by an "=" sign and
     the option's  new value.  For example,  "set tabstop=8" will give
     the tabstop  option a  value of 8.   For string options,  you may
     enclose the new value in quotes.
     NAMES              TYPE DEFAULT       MEANING
     autoindent, ai     Bool noai          auto-indent during input
     autoprint, ap      Bool ap            in EX, print the current line
     autotab, at        Bool at            auto-indent allowed to use tabs?
     autowrite, aw      Bool noaw          auto-write when switching files
     beautify,  bf      Bool nobf          strip control chars from file?
     charattr, ca       Bool noca          interpret \fX sequences?
     cc, cc             Str  cc="cc -c"    name of the C compiler
     columns, co        Num  co=80         width of the screen
     digraph, dig       Bool nodig         recognize digraphs?
     directory, dir     Str  dir="/usr/tmp"where tmp files are kept
     edcompatible, ed   Bool noed          remember ":s//" options
     equalprg, ep       Bool ep="fmt"      program to run for = operator
     errorbells, eb     Bool eb            ring bell on error
     exrc, exrc         Bool noexrc        read "./.exrc" file?
     exrefresh, er      Bool er            write lines indiviually in EX
     flash, vbell       Bool flash         use visible alternative to bell
     flipcase, fc       Str  fc=""         non-ASCII chars flipped by ~
     hideformat, hf     Bool hf            hide text formatter commands
     ignorecase, ic     Bool noic          upper/lowercase match in search
     inputmode, im      Bool noim          start vi in insert mode?
     keytime, kt        Num  kt=2          timeout for mapped key entry
     keywordprg, kp     Str  kp="ref"      full pathname of shift-K prog
     lines, ln          Num  ln=25         number of lines on the screen
     list, li           Bool noli          display lines in "list" mode
     magic, ma          Bool ma            use regular expression in search
     make, mk           Str  mk="make"     name of the "make" program
     mesg, ms           Bool ms            allow messages from other users?
     modelines, ml      Bool noml          are modelines processed?



                                   - 1 -







     more, more         Bool more          pause between messages?
     nearscroll, ns     Num  ns=15         when to scroll vs. redraw
     novice, nov        Bool nonovice      set options for ease of use
     number, nu         Bool nonumber      show line numbers
     paragraphs, para   Str  para="PPppIPLPQP"names of "paragraph" nroff cmd
     prompt, pr         Bool pr            show ':' prompt in ex mode
     readonly, ro       Bool noro          prevent overwriting of orig file
     remap, rem         Bool remap         allow key maps to call key maps
     report, re         Num  re=5          report when 5 or more changes
     ruler, ru          Bool noru          display line/column numbers
     scroll, sc         Num  sc=12         scroll amount for ^U and ^D
     sections, sect     Str  sect="NHSHSSSEse"names of "section" nroff cmd
     shell, sh          Str  sh="/bin/sh"  full pathname of the shell
     showmatch, sm      Bool nosm          show matching ()[]{}
     showmode, smd      Bool nosmd         say when we're in input mode
     shiftwidth, sw     Num  sw=8          shift amount for < and >
     sidescroll, ss     Num  ss=8          amount of sideways scrolling
     sync, sy           Bool nosy          call sync() often
     tabstop, ts        Num  ts=8          width of tab characters
     taglength, tl      Num  tl=0          significant chars in tag name
     tags, tag          Str  tags="tags" list of tags files
     tagstack, tgs      Bool tgs           enable tagstack?
     term, te           Str  te="$TERM"    name of the termcap entry
     terse, tr          Bool notr          give shorter error messages
     timeout, to        Bool to            distinguish <esc> from <arrow>?
     warn, wa           Bool wa            warn for ! if file modified
     window, wi         Num  wi=24         lines to redraw after long move
     wrapmargin, wm     Num  wm=0          wrap long lines in input mode
     wrapscan, ws       Bool ws            at EOF, searches wrap to line 1
     writeany, wr       Bool nowr          allow :w to clobber files

     autoindent, ai
          During  input mode,  the autoindent  option will  cause each
          added  line  to  begin  with  the  same  amount  of  leading
          whitespace as the  line above it.  Without autoindent, added
          lines are initially empty.

     autoprint, ap
          This option  only affects EX mode.   If the autoprint option
          on, and  either the cursor has moved to  a different line or
          the  previous command  modified  the file,  then Elvis  will
          print the current line.

     autotab, at
          This option  affects the  behaviour of the  autoindent mode.
          If autoindent is turned off, then autotab has no effect.

          When  autotab is  turned  on, elvis  will use  a mixture  of
          spaces and tabs  to create the proper amount of indentation.
          This is the default.

          When autotab  is turned off, elvis will  only use spaces for
          auto-indent.  Elvis  will still insert a  real tab character
          when you hit the  <Tab> key, though; the autotab option only
          affects automatic indentation.



                                   - 2 -








     autowrite, aw
          When you're editing one file and decide to switch to another
          - via the :tag command,  or :next command, perhaps - if your
          current  file has  been modified,  then Elvis  will normally
          print an error message and refuse to switch.

          However,  if the  autowrite option  is  on, then  Elvis will
          write  the   modified  version  of  the   current  file  and
          successfully switch to the new file.

     beautify, bf
          This option causes all control characters to be deleted from
          the text  file, at the  time when you start  editing it.  If
          you're already editing a  file when you turn on the beautify
          option, then that file won't be affected.

     cc   The :cc command runs  the C compiler.  This option should be
          set to the name of your compiler.

     charattr, ca
          Many  text  formatting   programs  allow  you  to  designate
          portions  of  your text  to  be  underlined, italicized,  or
          boldface by embedding  the special strings \fU, \fI, and \fB
          in  your text.   The  special string  \fP marks  the end  of
          underlined or boldface text.

          Elvis normally  treats those  special strings just  like any
          other text.

          However,  if the  charattr  option is  on,  then Elvis  will
          interpret  those  special   strings  correctly,  to  display
          underlined  or  boldface text  on  the  screen.  (This  only
          works, of  course, if  your terminal can  display underlined
          and boldface, and if the TERMCAP entry says how to do it.)

     columns, co
          This option shows how wide your screen is.

     digraph, dig
          This  option  is   used  to  enable/disable  recognition  of
          digraphs.  The default  value is nodigraph, which means that
          digraphs will not be recognized.

     directory, dir
          Elvis stores  text in  temporary files.  This  option allows
          you to  control which  directory those temporary  files will
          appear in.  The default is /usr/tmp.

          This option  can only  be set in  a .exrc file;  after that,
          Elvis will  have already  started making temporary  files in
          some other directory, so it would be too late.






                                   - 3 -








     edcompatible, ed
          This    option     affects    the    behaviour     of    the
          ":s/regexp/text/options" command.   It is normally  off (:se
          noed) which causes all of the substitution options to be off
          unless explicitly given.

          However,  with edcompatible  on (:se  ed),  the substitution
          command remembers  which options you used  last time.  Those
          same options will continue to be used until you change them.
          In edcompatible mode, when you explicitly give the name of a
          substitution  option,  you will  toggle  the  state of  that
          option.

          This all  seems very strange  to me, but  its implementation
          was almost free when I  added the ":&" command to repeat the
          previous substitution, so there it is.

     equalprg, ep
          This  holds the  name  & arguments  of  the external  filter
          program used  the the visual =  operator.  The defualt value
          is "fmt", so the = operator will adjust line breaks in text.

     errorbells, eb
          Elvis  normally rings  a bell when  you do  something wrong.
          This option lets you disable the bell.

     exrc This option  specifies whether a  .exrc file in  the current
          directory should  be executed.   By default, this  option is
          off  (":set  noexrc") which  prevents  elvis from  executing
          .exrc in  the current directory.  If the  .exrc file in your
          home directory  turns this option on  (":set exrc") then the
          Elvis will attempt to  execute the .exrc file in the current
          directory.

          This  option exist  mainly  for security  reasons.  A  mean-
          spirited person could do something like
               echo >/tmp/.exrc '!rm -rf $HOME'
          and then anybody who attempted to edit or view a file in the
          /tmp  directory would  lose most of  their files.   With the
          exrc option turned off, this couldn't happen to you.

     exrefresh, er
          The EX  mode of Elvis writes many lines  to the screen.  You
          can  make  Elvis  either  write  each  line  to  the  screen
          separately,  or save  up many  lines and  write them  all at
          once.

          The exrefresh option is normally on, so each line is written
          to the screen separately.

          You may wish to turn  the exrefresh option off (:se noer) if
          the "write"  system call  is costly  on your machine,  or if
          you're   using    a   windowing   environment.    (Windowing
          environments scroll  text a lot  faster when you  write many



                                   - 4 -







          lines at once.)

          This option  has no effect  in visual command  mode or input
          mode.

     flash, vbell
          If  your termcap  entry describes  a visible  alternative to
          ringing  your terminal's  bell,  then this  option will  say
          whether the  visible version gets used  or not.  Normally it
          will be.

          If your termcap  does NOT include a visible bell capability,
          then the flash option will be off, and you can't turn it on.

     flipcase, fc
          The flipcase option  allows you to control how the non-ASCII
          characters are altered by the "~" command.

          The string is divided into pairs of characters.  When "~" is
          applied  to  a  non-ASCII  character,  Elvis  looks  up  the
          character in the flipcase  string to see which pair it's in,
          and replaces it by the other character of the pair.

     hideformat, hf
          Many text formatters require you to embed format commands in
          your text, on lines  that start with a "." character.  Elvis
          normally displays  these lines like  any other text,  but if
          the hideformat option is on, then format lines are displayed
          as blank lines.

     ignorecase, ic
          Normally, when Elvis  searches for text, it treats uppercase
          letters as being different for lowercase letters.

          When the  ignorecase option  is on, uppercase  and lowercase
          are treated as equal.

     inputmode, im
          This  option allows  you to  have Elvis  start up  in insert
          mode.  You can still exit insert mode at any time by hitting
          the ESC key, as usual.  Usually, this option would be set in
          your ".exrc" file.

     keytime, kt
          The  arrow keys  of  most terminals  send a  multi-character
          sequence.  It  takes a measurable  amount of time  for these
          sequences to be  transmitted.  The keytime option allows you
          to control the maximum amount  of time to allow for an arrow
          key (or other mapped key) to be received in full.

          On most  systems, the setting  is the number of  tenths of a
          second to allow  between characters.  On some other systems,
          the setting is in whole seconds.





                                   - 5 -








          Try  to avoid  setting keytime=1.   Most systems  just count
          clock beats,  so if  you tried  to read a  character shortly
          before a  clock beat, you could allow almost  no time at all
          for  reading the characters.   For higher  keytime settings,
          the difference is less critical.

          If your  system's response time  is poor, you  might want to
          increase the  keytime.  In particular, I've  found that when
          keystrokes must  be sent through  a network (via  X windows,
          rlogin, or telnet, for example) the keytime should be set to
          at least 1 second.

          As a special case, you can  set keytime to 0 to disable this
          time limit  stuff altogether.  The  big problem here  is: If
          your  arrow keys'  sequences start with  an ESC,  then every
          time you hit your ESC key Elvis will wait... and wait...  to
          see if maybe that ESC was part of an arrow key's sequence.

          NOTE: this option  is a generalization of the timeout option
          of the real vi.

     keywordprg, kp
          Elvis has  a special keyword  lookup feature.  You  move the
          cursor onto a word,  and hit shift-K, and Elvis uses another
          program to  look up the  word and display  information about
          it.

          This option says which program gets run.

          The  default  value of  this  option is  "ref",  which is  a
          program that looks up the definition of a function in C.  It
          looks up the function name  in a file called "refs" which is
          created by ctags.

          You  can  subtitute  other  programs,  such  as  an  English
          dictionary  program or  the online  manual.  Elvis  runs the
          program,  using  the  keyword  as  its only  argument.   The
          program should  write information to  stdout.  The program's
          exit status should be 0, unless you want Elvis to print "<<<
          failed >>>".

     lines, ln
          This option says how many lines you screen has.

     list, li
          In  nolist mode  (the  default), Elvis  displays  text in  a
          "normal"  manner --  with  tabs expanded  to an  appropriate
          number of spaces, etc.

          However,  sometimes  it is  useful  to  have tab  characters
          displayed differently.  In  list mode, tabs are displayed as
          "^I", and a "$" is displayed at the end of each line.





                                   - 6 -








     magic, ma
          The   search  mechanism   in  Elvis   can   accept  "regular
          expressions"  -- strings  in which  certain  characters have
          special meaning.

          The  magic  option   is  normally  on,  which  causes  these
          characters to be treated specially.

          If  you  turn the  magic  option off  (:se  noma), then  all
          characters except  ^ and $  are treated literally.   ^ and $
          retain their  special meanings regardless of  the setting of
          magic.

     make, mk
          The  :make command  runs your  "make" program.   This option
          defines the name of your "make" program.

     mesg With  the real  vi, running under  real UNIX,  ":set nomesg"
          would prevent other  users from sending you messages.  Elvis
          ignores it, though.

     modelines, ml
          Elvis  supports  modelines.  Modelines  are  lines near  the
          beginning   or  end   of  your   text  file   which  contain
          "ex:yowza:",  where "yowza"  is any  EX command.   A typical
          "yowza"  would  be  something  like  "set ts=5  ca  kp=spell
          wm=15".  Other  text may also  appear on a  modeline, so you
          can place the "ex:yowza:" in a comment:
          /* ex:set sw=4 ai: */

          Normally these lines  are ignored, for security reasons, but
          if you have "set  modelines" in your .exrc file then "yowza"
          is executed.

     nearscroll, ns
          The  line that  contains the  cursor will  always be  on the
          screen.  If you move the cursor  to a line that isn't on the
          screen, then elvis  will either scroll (if the cursor's line
          is  nearly  on  the screen  already)  or  redraw the  screen
          completely with  the cursor's  line centered (if  the cursor
          line is not near the screen already).

          This option allows you  to control elvis' idea of "near".  A
          value of 15  is typical.  A value of 1  would cause elvis to
          scroll  no  more  that one  line.   A  value  of 0  disables
          scrolling.

     novice, nov
          The  command ":set  novice" is  equivelent to  ":set nomagic
          report=1 showmode".







                                   - 7 -








     number, nu
          The "number" option  causes Elvis to display line numbers at
          the start  of each line.  The numbers  are not actually part
          of  the text;  when  the file  is  written out,  it will  be
          written without line numbers.

     paragraphs, pa
          The { and } commands  move the cursor forward or backward in
          increments of one paragraph.  Paragraphs may be separated by
          blank  lines, or  by a  "dot" command  of a  text formatter.
          Different  text  formatters  use different  "dot"  commands.
          This option allows you  to configure Elvis to work with your
          text formatter.

          It is  assumed that your formatter  uses commands that start
          with a "." character at the front of a line, and then have a
          one- or two-character command name.

          The value of the paragraphs option is a string in which each
          pair  of  characters  is  one  possible  form of  your  text
          formatter's paragraph command.

     more When Elvis must display a sequence of messages at the bottom
          line of the screen  in visual mode, it normally pauses after
          all but the last one, so you have time to read them all.

          If  you turn  off  the "more"  option, then  Elvis will  not
          pause.  This  means you can only read  the last message, but
          it is usually the most important one anyway.

     prompt, pr
          If you ":set noprompt", then Elvis will no longer emit a ':'
          when  it expects  you to  type  in an  ex command.   This is
          slightly useful  if you're using an  astonishingly slow UNIX
          machine, but the rest of us can just ignore this one.

     readonly, ro
          Normally, Elvis  will let you  write back any  file to which
          you  have  write   permission.   If  you  don't  have  write
          permission, then  you can only write  the changed version of
          the file to a different file.

          If you set the  readonly option, then Elvis will pretend you
          don't have  write permission  to any  file you edit.   It is
          useful when you  really only mean to use Elvis  to look at a
          file,  not  to change  it.   This way  you  can't change  it
          accidentally.

          This option is normally off, unless you use the "view" alias
          of  Elvis.  "View"  is like  "vi"  except that  the readonly
          option is on.






                                   - 8 -








     remapThe ":map"  command allows you  to convert one  key sequence
          into another.   The remap option allows  you to specify what
          should happen if portions of that other sequence are also in
          the map  table.  If  remap is  on, then those  portions will
          also  be mapped,  just  as if  they  had been  typed on  the
          keyboard.  If remap  is off, then the matching portions will
          not be mapped.

          For example, if you enter  the commands ":map A B" and ":map
          B C", then when remap is  on, A will be converted to C.  But
          when remap is off, A will be converted only to B.

     report, re
          Commands in Elvis  may affect many lines.  For commands that
          affect a  lot of lines,  Elvis will output  a message saying
          what was done and how many lines were affected.  This option
          allows  you to  define  what "a  lot of  lines" means.   The
          default is  5, so any command which affects  5 or more lines
          will cause a message to be shown.

     ruler, ru
          This option is normally off.   If you turn it on, then Elvis
          will  constantly  display  the  line/column numbers  of  the
          cursor, at the bottom of the screen.

     scroll, sc
          The ^U  and ^D keys  normally scroll backward  or forward by
          half a screenful, but this is adjustable.  The value of this
          option says how many  lines those keys should scroll by.  If
          you  invoke ^U  or ^D  with a  count argument  (for example,
          "33^D") then this option's value is set to the count.

     sections, se
          The [[  and ]] commands move the  cursor backward or forward
          in increments of 1  section.  Sections may be delimited by a
          { character in column 1  (which is useful for C source code)
          or by means of a text formatter's "dot" commands.

          This option allows you  to configure Elvis to work with your
          text formatter's "section"  command, in exectly the same way
          that  the   paragraphs  option   makes  it  work   with  the
          formatter's "paragraphs" command.

     shell, sh
          When  Elvis forks  a  shell (perhaps  for the  :! or  :shell
          commands) this is the program that is uses as a shell.  This
          is "/bin/sh"  by default, unless you have  set the SHELL (or
          COMSPEC, for MS-DOS) environment variable, it which case the
          default value is copied from the environment.

     shiftwidth, sw
          The  < and  >  commands shift  text  left or  right by  some
          uniform  number of columns.   The shiftwidth  option defines
          that "uniform number".  The default is 8.



                                   - 9 -








     showmatch, sm
          With showmatch set, in input  mode every time you hit one of
          )}], Elvis will  momentarily move the cursor to the matching
          ({[.

     showmode, smd
          In visual  mode, it is easy to forget  whether you're in the
          visual  command mode or  input/replace mode.   Normally, the
          showmode option  is off, and you haven't a  clue as to which
          mode you're in.  If you turn the showmode option on, though,
          a little message  will appear in the lower right-hand corner
          of your screen, telling you which mode you're in.

     sidescroll, ss
          For long lines,  Elvis scrolls sideways.  (This is different
          from  the  real vi,  which  wraps a  single  long line  onto
          several rows of the screen.)

          To minimize  the number of  scrolls needed, Elvis  moves the
          screen sideways by  several characters at a time.  The value
          of this option says how many characters' widths to scroll at
          a time.

          Generally, the faster  your screen can be redrawn, the lower
          the value you will want in this option.

     sync, sy
          If the  system crashes during an edit  session, then most of
          your  work can  be recovered  from  the temporary  file that
          Elvis uses to store changes.  However, sometimes the OS will
          not copy  changes to the hard  disk immediately, so recovery
          might not be possible.  The [no]sync option lets you control
          this.

          In nosync mode (which  is the default, for UNIX), Elvis lets
          the  operating system  control when data  is written  to the
          disk.  This is generally faster.

          In sync mode (which is the default for MS-DOS, AmigaDos, and
          Atari TOS), Elvis forces  all changes out to disk every time
          you make a change.  This is generally safer, but slower.  It
          can  also be  a  rather rude  thing  to do  on a  multi-user
          system.

     tabstop, ts
          Tab characters  are normally 8 characters  wide, but you can
          change their widths by means of this option.

     taglength, tl
          This option  allows you to specify how  many characters of a
          tag's  name must  match when  performing  tag lookup.   As a
          special case,  ":set taglength=0" means  that all characters
          of a tag's name must match.




                                   - 10 -








          Note:  some  configurations  of  Elvis  don't  support  this
          option.

     tags, tag
          If your  version of elvis is  compiled with -DINTERNAL_TAGS,
          then this is a space-delimited list of tags files.  When you
          tell elvis to look up a tag, it searches though each file in
          turn until it finds the tag.

          If   your    version   of   elvis    is   compiled   without
          -DINTERNAL_TAGS, then you can achieve the same effect via an
          environment variable  called TAGPATH.  TAGPATH's  value is a
          colon-delimited list of  file or directory names.  (For some
          operating systems,  including MS-DOS, the  list is delimited
          by semicolons instead of colons.)

     tagstack
          This  option allows  you to disable  the tagstack.   I can't
          think of any reason why you would want to do that.

     term, te
          This read-only  option shows the  name of the  termcap entry
          that Elvis is using for your terminal.

     terse, tr
          The real  vi uses this  option to select  longer vs. shorter
          error messages.   Elvis has only one  set of error messages,
          though, so this option has no effect.

     timeout, to
          The  command   ":set  notimeout"  is   equivelent  to  ":set
          keytime=0",  and  ":set  timeout"  is  equivelent  to  ":set
          keytime=1".  This  affects the  behaviour of the  <Esc> key.
          See  the  discussion   of  the  "keytime"  option  for  more
          information.

     warn, wa
          If you have  modified a file but not yet  written it back to
          disk,  then  Elvis  will  normally  print a  warning  before
          executing a ":!cmd"  command.  However, in nowarn mode, this
          warning is not given.

          Elvis  also normally  prints  a message  after a  successful
          search that  wrapped at EOF.   The [no]warn option  can also
          disable this warning.

     window, wi
          This option controls how many lines are redrawn after a long
          move.

          On fast terminals, this is usually set to the number of rows
          that the  terminal can display, minus  one.  This causes the
          entire screen to be filled with text around the cursor.




                                   - 11 -








          On  slow terminals,  you may  wish to  reduce this  value to
          about 7  or so.   That way,  if you're doing  something like
          repeatedly hitting 'n' to search for each occurrence of some
          string and trying  to find a particular occurrence, then you
          don't need  to wait as  long for Elvis to  redraw the screen
          after each search.

     wrapmargin, wm
          Normally  (with wrapmargin=0)  Elvis  will let  you type  in
          extremely long lines, if you wish.

          However,  with  warpmargin set  to  something  other that  0
          (wrapmargin=10 is nice), Elvis will automatically cause long
          lines to  be "wrapped"  on a word  break for lines  come too
          close  to the  right-hand margin.   For  example: On  an 80-
          column screen,  ":set wm=10" will  cause lines to  wrap when
          their length exceeds 70 columns.

     wrapscan, ws
          Normally, when you  search for something, Elvis will find it
          no  matter where  it is  in the file.   Elvis starts  at the
          cursor position,  and searches  forward.  If Elvis  hits EOF
          without  finding  what you're  looking  for,  then it  wraps
          around to  continue searching from line 1.   If you turn off
          the  wrapscan option  (:se nows), then  when Elvis  hits EOF
          during a search, it will stop and say so.

     writeany, wr
          With  "writeany" turned  off,  elvis will  prevent you  from
          accidentally  overwriting  a file.   For  example, if  "foo"
          exists  then  ":w  foo"  will  fail.   If you  turn  on  the
          "writeany" option, then ":w foo" will work.

          Regardless of  the setting of "writeany",  though, ":w! foo"
          will work.   The '!'  forces the  ":w" command to  write the
          file unless the operating system won't allow it.





















                                   - 12 -







     6.  CUT BUFFERS

          When  Elvis  deletes text,  it  stores that  text  in a  cut
     buffer.  This happens in both  visual mode and EX mode.  There is
     no practical limit to how much text a cut buffer can hold.

          There are 36 cut  buffers: 26 named buffers ("a through "z),
     9 anonymous buffers ("1 through "9), and 1 extra cut buffer (".).

          In EX mode, the :move and :copy commands use a cut buffer to
     temporarily hold the text to be moved/copied.

     6.1 Putting text into a Cut Buffer

          In visual  mode, text is  copied into a cut  buffer when you
     use  the d, y,  c, C,  s, or  x commands.  There  are also  a few
     others.

          By default, the text goes into the "1 buffer.  The text that
     used to be  in "1 gets shifted into "2,  "2 gets shifted into "3,
     and so  on.  The text that  used to be in "9  is lost.  This way,
     the last 9 things you deleted are still accessible.

          You can also put the text  into a named buffer -- "a through
     "z.   To  do  this,  you  should  type  the  buffer's  name  (two
     keystrokes:  a double-quote  and a  lowercase letter)  before the
     command that will cut the text.   When you do this, "1 through "9
     are not affected by the cut.

          You  can append  text to  one of the  named buffers.   To do
     this, type the buffer's  name in uppercase (a double-quote and an
     uppercase letter) before the d/y/c/C/s/x command.

          The  ".  buffer  is  special.   It  isn't  affected  by  the
     d/y/c/C/s/x command.  Instead,  it stores the text that you typed
     in the last time you were in input mode.  It is used to implement
     the . visual command, and ^A in input mode.

          In EX mode (also known as colon mode), the :delete, :change,
     and :yank  commands all  copy text into  a cut buffer.   Like the
     visual commands,  these EX commands  normally use the  "1 buffer,
     but you can use one of the named buffers by giving its name after
     the command.  For example,

          :20,30y a


     will copy lines 20 through 30 into cut buffer "a.

          You can't  directly put text  into the ". buffer,  or the "2
     through "9 buffers.

     6.2 Pasting from a Cut Buffer





                                   - 1 -







          There are  two styles  of pasting: line-mode  and character-
     mode.  If a cut buffer  contains whole lines (from a command like
     "dd")  then line-mode  pasting is  used;  if it  contains partial
     lines (from  a command like "dw")  then character-mode pasting is
     used.  The EX commands always cut whole lines.

          Character-mode pasting  causes the text to  be inserted into
     the line that the cursor is on.

          Line-mode pasting  inserts the text  on a new  line above or
     below  the line  that the  cursor is on.   It doesn't  affect the
     cursor's line at all.

          In visual mode, the p and  P commands insert text from a cut
     buffer.   Uppercase  P  will insert  it  before  the cursor,  and
     lowercase  p will  insert it after  the cursor.   Normally, these
     commands will  paste from the "1 buffer, but  you can specify any
     other buffer  to paste from.  Just type  its name (a double-quote
     and another character) before you type the P or p.

          In  EX mode,  the (pu)t  command pastes  text after  a given
     line.  To paste from a buffer other that "1, enter its name after
     the command.

     6.3 Macros

          The  contents of  a named  cut buffer can  be executed  as a
     series of ex/vi commands.

          To put the instructions  into the cut buffer, you must first
     insert them into the file, and  then delete them into a named cut
     buffer.

          To  execute a  cut  buffer's contents  as  EX commands,  you
     should give the  EX command "@" and the name  of the buffer.  For
     example, :@z will execute "z as a series of EX commands.

          To execute  a cut buffer's contents  as visual commands, you
     should give the visual command "@" and the letter of the buffer's
     name.   The  visual "@"  command  is different  from  the EX  "@"
     command.  They interpret the cut buffer's contents differently.

          The visual @  command can be rather finicky.  Each character
     in the  buffer is interpretted  as a keystroke.  If  you load the
     instructions into  the cut  buffer via  a "zdd command,  then the
     newline character  at the end  of the line will  be executed just
     like any  other character,  so the cursor  would be moved  down 1
     line.  If  you don't want the  cursor to move down  1 line at the
     end of  each @z command, then  you should load the  cut buffer by
     saying 0"zD instead.








                                   - 2 -







          Although cut buffers can  hold any amount of text, Elvis can
     only  execute small  buffers.   The size  limit  is roughly  1000
     characters, for  either EX macros  or VI macros.  If  a buffer is
     too large to execute, an error message is displayed.

          You can't nest :@  commands.  You can't run :@ commands from
     your .exrc  file, or any  other :source file  either.  Similarly,
     you  can't  run  a :source  command  from  within  an @  command.
     Hopefully, these restrictions will be lifted in a later version.

     6.4 The Effect of Switching Files

          When Elvis first starts up, all cut buffers are empty.  When
     you  switch  to a  different  file  (via the  :n  or :e  commands
     perhaps) the  9 anonymous cut buffers are  emptied again, but the
     other 27 buffers ("a through "z, and ".) retain their text.










































                                   - 3 -







     7.  DIFFERENCES BETWEEN Elvis & BSD VI/EX

          Elvis is not 100% compatible with the real vi/ex.  Elvis has
     many small  extensions, some omissions, and  a few features which
     are implemented in a slightly different manner.

     7.1 Extensions

     Save Configuration
               The :mkexrc command  saves the current :set, :map, :ab,
               :color, and :digraph configurations in the ".exrc" file
               in your current directory.

     Previous File
               The  :N or  :prev command  moves backwards  through the
               args list.

     Center Current Row
               In  visual command mode,  the (lowercase)  "zz" command
               will center the current line on the screen, like "z=".

     Changing Repeat Count
               The  default  count value  for  . is  the  same as  the
               previous command which  . is meant to repeat.  However,
               you can  supply a new count if  you wish.  For example,
               after  "3dw", "."  will delete 3  words, but  "5." will
               delete 5 words.

     Previous Text
               The  text which  was most  recently  input (via  a "cw"
               command, or something similar) is saved in a cut buffer
               called ".  (which is a pretty hard name  to write in an
               English sentence).

     Keyword Lookup
               In visual command mode,  you can move the cursor onto a
               word and  press shift-K to  have Elvis run  a reference
               program to  look that word  up.  This command  alone is
               worth the  price of admission!   See the ctags  and ref
               programs.

     Increment/Decrement
               In visual command mode,  you can move the cursor onto a
               number and  then hit ## or #+  to increment that number
               by 1.  To increment it  by a larger amount, type in the
               increment  value  before hitting  the  initial #.   The
               number can also be  decremented or set by hitting #- or
               #=, respectively.

     Input ModeYou can backspace past the beginning of the line.

               The arrow keys work in input mode.






                                   - 1 -








               If  you type  control-A, then the  text that  you input
               last time is  inserted.  You will remain in input mode,
               so you  can backspace over  part of it, or  add more to
               it.  (This  is sort of  like control-@ on  the real vi,
               except that control-A really works.)

               Control-P will insert the contents of the cut buffer.

               Real  vi can  only  remember up  to  128 characters  of
               input, but Elvis can remember any amount.

               The ^T and  ^D keys can adjust the indent  of a line no
               matter where the cursor happens to be in that line.

               You  can save  your file and  exit Elvis  directly from
               input mode by hitting control-Z twice.

               Elvis  supports digraphs  as a  way to  enter non-ASCII
               characters.

     Start in Input Mode
               If you ":set  inputmode" in your .exrc file, then Elvis
               will start  up in input mode  instead of visual command
               mode.

     Visible Fonts
               With ":set  charattr", Elvis can  display "backslash-f"
               style character  attributes on the screen  as you edit.
               The following example shows the recognized atributes:

                    normal         \fBboldface\fR        \fIitalics\fR
               \fUunderlined\fR normal

               NOTE: you must  compile Elvis without the -DNO_CHARATTR
               flag for this to work.

     File Syncing
               After a crash, you can usually recover the altered form
               of the file from  the temporary file that Elvis uses --
               unless the temporary file was corrupted.

               UNIX  systems use  a delayed-write  cache,  which means
               that when  Elvis tries to write  to the temporary file,
               the information might still be in RAM instead of on the
               disk.  A power failure at that time would cause the in-
               RAM information  to be  lost.  UNIX's sync()  call will
               force all such information to disk.

               MS-DOS  and Atari  TOS don't write  a file's  length to
               disk  until  that file  is  closed.  Consequently,  the
               temporary file would appear to be 0 bytes long if power
               failed when we  were editing.  To avoid this problem, a
               sync() function  has been written which  will close the
               temporary file and then immediately reopen it.



                                   - 2 -








     Cursor Shape
               Elvis changes the shape of the cursor to indicate which
               mode  you're  in,  if  your  terminal's  termcap  entry
               includes the necessary capabilities.

     Hide nroff Lines
               The ":set hideformat" option hides nroff format control
               lines.   (They are  displayed  on the  screen as  blank
               lines.)

     Compiler Interface
               Elvis  is clever  enough  to parse  the error  messages
               emitted by  many compilers.   To use this  feature, you
               should  collect your compiler's  error messages  into a
               file  called  "errlist";  Elvis  will read  this  file,
               determine which source  file caused the error messages,
               start editing  that file, move  the cursor to  the line
               where  the error  was detected,  and display  the error
               message on the status line.  Nifty!

     Visible Text Selection
               In  visual command mode,  'v' starts  visibly selecting
               characters  and  'V'  starts  visibly  selecting  whole
               lines.   The  character or  line  where  the cursor  is
               located becomes one endpoint of the selection.  You can
               then use the  standard cursor movement commands to move
               the cursor to the other endpoint, and then press one of
               the operator  commands (c/d/y/</>/!/=/\).  The operator
               will then immediately be applied to the selected text.

     Pop-up Menu Operator
               The '\' key is  a new operator, similar in operation to
               the c/d/y/</>/! operators.  It conjures up a menu, from
               which you can select  any of the other operators plus a
               few other common commands.

     Preset Filter Operator
               The '=' key is  another new operator.  It is similar to
               the  '!' operator,  except that while  '!' asks  you to
               type  in a  filter command  each  time, '='  assumes it
               should always  run the  command stored in  the equalprg
               option.

     Move to a Given Percentage
               The '%' movement  key can now accept an optional count.
               Without a count, the  '%' key still moves to a matching
               parenthesis like it always did.  With a count somewhere
               between  1 and  100,  though, it  moves  the cursor  to
               approximately a given percentage of the way through the
               file.  For  example, typing "50%" will  move the cursor
               to the middle of the file.






                                   - 3 -








     Regular Expressions
               In  regular expressions, several  new forms  of closure
               operators are supported: \{n}, \{n,m}, \+, and \?.

     7.2 Omissions

          The replace  mode is a hack.  It doesn't  save the text that
     it overwrites.

          Long lines  are displayed differently  -- where the  real vi
     would wrap  a long  line onto several  rows of the  screen, Elvis
     simply displays  part of the  line, and allows you  to scroll the
     screen sideways to see the rest of it.

          The ":preserve" and  ":recover" commands are missing.  So is
     the -r  flag.  I've never  had a good reason  to use ":preserve",
     and since ":recover" is used  so rarely I decided to implement it
     as a separate program.  There's no need to load the recovery code
     into memory every time you edit a file, I figured.

          LISP support  is missing.   However, the  = key is  still an
     operator that reformats  lines of text.  By default, it reformats
     lines by sending them through the fmt filter, but you could write
     your  own LISP  beautifier and  configure elvis  to use  it.  Key
     mappings could take  care of most other differences.  Auto-indent
     is the only thing that is irrecoverably lost.

          Autoindent mode  acts a little  different from the  real vi,
     anyway.  It  doesn't handle ^^D  or 0^D correctly.   On the other
     hand, it does allow ^D and ^T to be used anywhere in the line, to
     adjust the indentation for the whole line.


























                                   - 4 -







     8.  INTERNAL

          You don't  need to know the material in  this section to use
     Elvis.  You only need it if you intend to modify Elvis.

          You should  also check out the  CFLAGS, TERMCAP, ENVIRONMENT
     VARIABLES, VERSIONS,  and QUIESTIONS  & ANSWERS sections  of this
     manual.

     8.1 The temporary file

          The  temporary file  is divided  into  blocks of  1024 bytes
     each.  The functions in "blk.c" maintain a cache of the five most
     recently used blocks, to minimize file I/O.

          When Elvis starts up,  the file is copied into the temporary
     file  by the  function tmpstart() in  "tmp.c".  Small  amounts of
     extra space  are inserted into the temporary  file to insure that
     no text lines  cross block boundaries.  This speeds up processing
     and  simplifies storage  management.  The  extra space  is filled
     with NUL  characters.  the input file must  not contain any NULs,
     to avoid  confusion.  This also limits lines to  a length of 1023
     characters or less.

          The data blocks  aren't necessarily stored in sequence.  For
     example, it  is entirely possible that  the data block containing
     the first lines of text will be stored after the block containing
     the last lines of text.

          In RAM,  Elvis maintains two  lists: one that  describes the
     "proper" order  of the disk blocks, and  another that records the
     line number of the last line  in each block.  When Elvis needs to
     fetch a  given line of text,  it uses these tables  to locate the
     data block which contains that line.

          Before  each change  is made  to the  file, these  lists are
     copied.  The copies can be  used to "undo" the change.  Also, the
     first list -- the one that  lists the data blocks in their proper
     order --  is written to  the first data  block of the  temp file.
     This list can be used during file recovery.

          When blocks  are altered, they are  rewritten to a different
     block in  the file,  and the  order list is  updated accordingly.
     The  original  block  is  left  intact,  so that  "undo"  can  be
     performed  easily.  Elvis  will eventually  reclaim  the original
     block, when it is no longer needed.

     8.2 Implementation of Editing

          There are three basic operations which affect text:
          -> delete text - delete(from, to)
          -> add text    - add(at, text)
          -> yank text   - cut(from, to)





                                   - 1 -







          To yank text, all  text between two text positions is copied
     into a  cut buffer.  The  original text is not  changed.  To copy
     the text into a cut buffer, you need only remember which physical
     blocks that contain the cut text, the offset into the first block
     of the  start of the cut,  the offset into the  last block of the
     end of the cut, and what kind of cut it was.  (Cuts may be either
     character cuts or line cuts; the kind of a cut affects the way it
     is later  "put".) Yanking is  implemented in the  function cut(),
     and  pasting  is  implemented  in  the function  paste().   These
     functions are defined in "cut.c".

          To delete  text, you must modify the  first and last blocks,
     and  remove  any  reference  to  the  intervening blocks  in  the
     header's list.  The text to be deleted is specified by two marks.
     This is implemented in the function delete().

          To add text, you must specify  the text to insert (as a NUL-
     terminated string)  and the place to insert it  (as a mark).  The
     block into which the text is  to be inserted may need to be split
     into as  many as four blocks, with  new intervening blocks needed
     as well...  or it could be as simple as modifying a single block.
     This is implemented in the function add().

          There  is also  a  change() function,  which generally  just
     calls delete()  and add().  For  the special case  where a single
     character is being  replaced by another single character, though,
     change() will optimize things somewhat.  The add(), delete(), and
     change() functions are all defined in "modify.c".

          The input()  function reads text from a  user and inserts it
     into the  file.  It makes  heavy use of the  add(), delete(), and
     change() functions.  It inserts characters one at a time, as they
     are typed.

          When  text is modified,  an internal  file-revision counter,
     called changes,  is incremented.  This counter  is used to detect
     when certain  caches are out of date.   (The "changes" counter is
     also incremented when we switch  to a different file, and also in
     one  or two  similar situations  --  all related  to invalidating
     caches.)

     8.3 Marks and the Cursor

          Marks  are places  within  the text.   They are  represented
     internally as 32-bit values which are split into two bitfields: a
     line number  and a character  index.  Line numbers  start with 1,
     and  character indexes  start with  0.  Lines can  be up  to 1023
     characters long,  so the character index is 10  bits wide and the
     line number fills the remaining 22 bits in the long int.

          Since  line numbers  start with  1, it  is impossible  for a
     valid  mark to  have a  value  of 0L.   0L is  therefore used  to
     represent unset marks.





                                   - 2 -







          When you  do the "delete  text" change, any  marks that were
     part of the  deleted text are unset, and any  marks that were set
     to points  after it are  adjusted.  Marks are  adjusted similarly
     after new text is inserted.

          The cursor is represented as a mark.

     8.4 Colon Command Interpretation

          Colon commands are parsed, and the command name is looked up
     in an  array of  structures which also  contain a pointer  to the
     function that  implements the command,  and a description  of the
     arguments  that  the   command  can  take.   If  the  command  is
     recognized  and its  arguments are  legal,  then the  function is
     called.

          Each function  performs its task; this  may cause the cursor
     to be moved to a different line, or whatever.

     8.5 Screen Control

          In input mode or  visual command mode, the screen is redrawn
     by a  function called redraw().   This function is  called in the
     getkey() function before each keystroke is read in, if necessary.

          Redraw() writes to the screen via a package which looks like
     the "curses"  library, but isn't.   It is actually  much simpler.
     Most  curses  operations are  implemented  as  macros which  copy
     characters into a large I/O  buffer, which is then written with a
     single large write() call as part of the refresh() operation.

          (Note: Under  MS-DOS, the pseudo-curses macros  check to see
     whether you're using the  pcbios interface.  If you are, then the
     macros call functions in "pc.c" to implement screen updates.)

          The  low-level functions  which modify  text  (namely add(),
     delete(),  and  change())  supply  redraw()  with clues  to  help
     redraw() decide  which parts of the screen  must be redrawn.  The
     clues are given via a function called redrawrange().

          Most EX  commands use  the pseudo-curses package  to perform
     their output, like redraw().

          There is  also a function  called msg() which  uses the same
     syntax  as printf().   In EX  mode, msg()  writes message  to the
     screen  and automatically  adds  a newline.   In  VI mode,  msg()
     writes  the message  on the  bottom line of  the screen  with the
     "standout" character attribute turned on.

     8.6 Options








                                   - 3 -







          For each option  available through the ":set" command, Elvis
     contains  a  character  array  variable, named  "o_option".   For
     example, the "lines" option uses a variable called "o_lines".

          For boolean  options, the array  has a dimension  of 1.  The
     first  (and only)  character  of the  array  will be  NUL if  the
     variable's value  is FALSE, and  some other value if  it is TRUE.
     To check the value, just by dereference the array name, as in "if
     (*o_autoindent)".

          For number  options, the  array has  a dimension of  3.  The
     array is treated  as three unsigned one-byte integers.  The first
     byte is  the current value  of the option.  The  second and third
     bytes are the lower and upper bounds of that option.

          For  string options,  the array usually  has a  dimension of
     about 60  but this may vary.   The option's value is  stored as a
     normal NUL-terminated string.

          All  of the  options  are declared  in  "opts.c".  Most  are
     initialized to  their default values; the  initopts() function is
     used to perform any environment-specific initialization.

     8.7 Portability

          To  improve  portability,  Elvis  collects  as many  of  the
     system-dependent  definitions  as  possible into  the  "config.h"
     file.  This file begins with some preprocessor instructions which
     attempt  to determine  which  compiler and  operating system  you
     have.   After  that, it  conditionally  defines  some macros  and
     constants for your system.

          One of the more significant macros is ttyread().  This macro
     is used  to read raw characters from  the keyboard, possibly with
     timeout.   For  UNIX systems,  this  basically  reads bytes  from
     stdin.  For MSDOS, TOS,  and OS9, ttyread() is a function defined
     in curses.c.  There is also a ttywrite() macro.

          The tread()  and twrite() macros are  versions of read() and
     write() that are used for text files.  On UNIX systems, these are
     equivelent  to read()  and write().   On  MS-DOS, these  are also
     equivelent  to  read()  and  write(),  since  DOS  libraries  are
     generally   clever   enough   to   convert   newline   characters
     automatically.   For Atari  TOS, though, the  MWC library  is too
     stupid to do this, so we had to do the conversion explicitly.

          Other macros may substitute index() for strchr(), or bcopy()
     for memcpy(), or map the "void" data type to "int", or whatever.

          The  file  "tinytcap.c" contains  a  set  of functions  that
     emulate the  termcap library for  a small set  of terminal types.
     The terminal-specific  info is hard-coded into  this file.  It is
     only used  for systems that don't  support real termcap.  Another
     alternative for screen control  can be seen in the "curses.h" and
     "pc.c" files.  Here, macros named VOIDBIOS and CHECKBIOS are used



                                   - 4 -







     to  indirectly  call  functions  which perform  low-level  screen
     manipulation via BIOS calls.

          The stat() function must  be able to come up with UNIX-style
     major/minor/inode  numbers  that  uniquely  identify  a  file  or
     directory.

          Please try  to keep you changes localized,  and wrap them in
     #if/#endif pairs,  so that Elvis  can still be  compiled on other
     systems.  And  PLEASE let me know about it,  so I can incorporate
     your changes into my latest-and-greatest version of Elvis.















































                                   - 5 -







     9.  MAKEFILE

          On  most Operating  Systems,  and with  most compilers,  the
     "Makefile.mix"   file  is   used  to   control   compilation  and
     installation of Elvis.   This section of the manual describes the
     overall   structure   of    "Makefile.mix",   and   the   various
     configuration options in it.

     9.1 Configuring the Makefile

          Begin by copying  "Makefile.mix" to "Makefile".  Never alter
     the original "Makefile.mix".

          Most of the configuration options are controlled via a group
     of macros.  Makefile.mix  begins with several pre-configured sets
     of  macro definitions  - one  group for each  of the  most common
     supported systems.   As shipped,  all of these  macro definitions
     are  commented out;  you  must either  uncomment out  one of  the
     groups, or  (for less common  systems) construct an  entirely new
     group.

     9.2 Using the Makefile

          After  configuring  the  Makefile,  you  can run  "make"  to
     compile the  programs.  There are  also some other  useful things
     that the Makefile can do...
               COMMAND     RESULT
               make        compile all programs
               make installcopy the programs to the BIN directory
               make clean  remove all object files
               make clobberremove everything except source & documentation
               make uue    produce uuencoded compressed tar archives of the source
               make sh     produce shar archives of the source

          Note that the last two will probably work only under UNIX.

     9.3 What "make install" does

          To install elvis, we should copy all of the executables into
     a  directory where  users can find  them; copy  the documentation
     into a directory where  the on-line manual program can find them;
     and  arrange for  edit  buffers to  be preserved  after a  system
     crash.    The   "make  install"   command   tries   to  do   this
     automatically, but there are problems.

          Practically  all  operating  systems  allow programs  to  be
     installed  different   directories.   As   shipped,  Makefile.mix
     contains somebody's best guess as to where you'd like them to go.
     You should double check it, though.  The BIN macro controls where
     the programs will be installed.








                                   - 1 -







          On UNIX systems  the "elvprsv" and "elvrec" programs need to
     be installed  as SUID-root programs.  Consequently,  you must run
     "make install" as root; then they will automatically be installed
     as SUID-root.

          For text to be recovered  after a crash, you need to arrange
     for  the "elvprsv"  program to  be  run before  the /tmp  file is
     cleaned.  This means that the /etc/rc file (or whatever) needs to
     be  edited.   If  you  have  a  SysV UNIX  system  which  uses  a
     /etc/rc2.d directory  for storing start-up  commands, then you're
     lucky.   "make install"  will detect  that /etc/rc2.d  exists and
     attempt    to     automatically    create    a     file    called
     "/etc/rc2.d/S03elvis" which runs  elvprsv.  However, for non-UNIX
     systems, or UNIX systems which don't have a /etc/rc2.d directory,
     you'll need  to do this  by hand.  See the  "Versions" section of
     the manual for hints about doing this on your particular system.

          Non-UNIX  systems don't  have a  standard place  where UNIX-
     style man-pages go,  so "make install" doesn't attempt to install
     documentation on those systems.

          On UNIX systems, there  is no standard place either, but you
     can  be pretty  sure  that your  system has  a non-standard  one.
     There  is a  shell script called  "instman.sh" which  attempts to
     figure out  where the man-pages  belong on your  system, and then
     copies them  there.  You might need to  edit "instman.sh" to make
     it work,  but try it as-is  first.  "instman.sh" is automatically
     run by "make install".

          Note: It is safe to run "make install" more than once.

     9.4 Summary of Macros

          The following describes the configuration macros.  With most
     versions of make, a blank macro can simply be left undefined.

     OBJ  This is  the filename extension for  unlinked object files -
          usually .o, but MS-DOS uses .obj.

     EXE  This is  the filename extension for  elvis executable file -
          usually nothing,  but MS-DOS uses .exe,  and other operating
          systems may use something else.

     COM  This is the filename extension for the executables of elvis'
          support programs  - usually the  same as the  EXE macro, but
          since the support  programs are all much smaller that elvis,
          MS-DOS can use the .com format.

     EXTRAThis  is a space-delimited  list of  version-specific object
          files to  be linked into  elvis.  Typically, this  list will
          contain  at   least  one  object  file   which  was  written
          specifically  for a  given  operating system.   It may  also
          contain "tinytcap$(OBJ)" or "tinyprnt$(OBJ)".





                                   - 2 -








     EXTRA2
          This  is a space-delimited  list of  version-specific object
          files used in elvis and  a few of the support programs.  For
          UNIX-like  systems, this  is typically  an empty  list.  For
          non-UNIX  systems, it  will usually either  be empty,  or it
          will  contain the  name  of an  object  file which  contains
          functions which emulate certain UNIX system calls.  (Not all
          non-UNIX  systems  need  any  special  emulation  functions,
          because all C libraries  try to emulate UNIX.  You only need
          an  EXTRA2 list  if the  library  doesn't emulate  UNIX well
          enough.)

     LIBS This is  a list of  library flags used  while linking elvis.
          UNIX systems  need "-ltermcap" or  something similar, unless
          the  EXTRA  macro  includes  "tinytcap$(OBJ)".   Most  other
          operating  systems  use   "tinytcap$(OBJ)"  and  don't  need
          anything else, so they leave the LIBS list empty.

     BIN  This is the  directory where executables should be installed
          by "make install".

     CC   This is the C compiler command, possibly with "memory model"
          flags.

     CFLAGS
          This lists  the compiler  flags used to  select compile-time
          options.  The "CFLAGS" section of this manual describes this
          in detail.

     LNK  This is the name of the linker.  If you want to use $(CC) as
          your linker, then you can leave LNK undefined.

     LFLAGS
          This  is a  list of  linker flags  used to  select link-time
          options.  It is almost always blank.

     SMALLThe  flag  for  special  small  memory model  compilation  -
          usually blank.

     OF   The link  flag to control  the output file's  name - usually
          -o<space>.  The  Sun version  of "make" strips  off trailing
          whitespace, so  a pair of empty quotes  has been added after
          the  space,   to  protect  it.   On   non-Suns,  this  isn't
          necessary.

     RF   The flag  used to denote "compile but  don't link" - usually
          -c

     PROGSThis is  a space-delimited list of  all programs.  This list
          always  includes  elvis, ctags,  ref,  elvrec, and  elvprsv.
          Also, everybody gets fmt except for BSD UNIX; it already has
          its own version of fmt as standard equipment.





                                   - 3 -








          Most  non-UNIX systems  also include  the  vi, ex,  and view
          aliases.  (UNIX doesn't need those aliases in the PROGS list
          because it creates them via file links during installation.)
          OS-9 doesn't include  the ex alias, because there is already
          a command by that name built into its standard shell.

          Note: some  MS-DOS configurations  break this list  into two
          smaller  lists, to  compensate for  MS-DOS's  limitations on
          command line length.

     CHMEMThis is  either blank,  or a  command to be  run immediately
          after linking elvis.   Under Minix and Coherent, elvis needs
          to have  extra space assigned for the stack  & heap after it
          has been  linked, so  their commands  to do that  are placed
          here.  Most  other operating systems  generally either don't
          need  to have  their  stacks enlarged,  or  they enlarge  it
          during linking.

     SORT This should  be defined to  be -DSORT if you  want your tags
          list to  be sorted, or  blank if you want  it unsorted.  The
          real  vi requires  a sorted  tags file, so  for the  sake of
          compatibility  all of  the UNIX  configurations  use -DSORT.
          Elvis doesn't  need a sorted  tags file, though,  so on non-
          UNIX systems you can leave this macro blank.

     RM   This  is   the  name  of   a  program  that   deletes  files
          unconditionally.   It is  used during  "make clean".   RM is
          defined  as "rm  -f"  for UNIX  systems, or  "del" for  most
          others.

     CP   This is the name of  a program that copies files.  - usually
          "cp" or "copy".  It is used during "make install".

     SYS  This  is  the type  of  system.   It is  used  to select  an
          appropriate style of  linking and installation that are used
          by "make"  and "make install",  respectively.  The available
          types are:
                         unx       UNIX and UNIX-like systems
                         dos       MS-DOS
                         ami       AmigaDos
                         tos       Atari TOS
                         os9       OS-9/68k
                         vms       VAX/VMS
                         xdos      cross-compiled on SCO for MS-DOS

     DUMMYThis is used as the "source" filename in the dependency list
          of  targets   which  are  supposed   to  be  unconditionally
          compiled.   It is  usually  nothing since  most versions  of
          "make" treat  an empty source  file list as  a special case,
          but OS-9  needs it defined  as "dummy" and  further requires
          that there be no actual file named dummy.






                                   - 4 -








     CFG  The is the name of the compiler configuration file - usually
          blank, since most compilers don't need a configuration file.
          Some MS-DOS compilers need it, though.

     9.5 Structure of Makefile.mix

          Makefile.mix  begins  with  several  sets of  commented  out
     configuration macro  definitions, as described  above.  A comment
     saying "The  rest of  this Makefile contains  no user-serviceable
     parts" marks the end of  this section.  Most people won't need to
     edit anything after that.

          This is  followed by macro definitions  which are identical,
     regardless of  your operating system.   The OBJS macros  list the
     object files that form the  portable parts of elvis, and are used
     together with  the EXTRA  and EXTRA2 configuration  macros during
     linking.

          The  SRC  macros list  all  of the  files  mentioned in  the
     "MANIFEST" file.   These are used  to bundle the  source code via
     "make uue" or "make sh".

          This is  followed by a  target named "all"  which depends on
     all  of the  programs listed  in  the PROGS  configuration macro.
     This  is followed  by detailed  instructions describing  how each
     file is compiled and linked.  The only exceptions are the "elvis"
     program, and the various forms of the "alias" program.

          Linking  a big  program like elvis  is non-standard  on some
     systems.   To support  this, we  just say  that elvis  depends on
     "linkelv.$(SYS)",  where  "$(SYS)" is  replaced  by whatever  you
     defined  the SYS  configuration macro  to  be.  The  various link
     styles are listed after that.   The only really tricky one is for
     DOS.  Since the list of files  to be linked is too long to fit on
     a DOS  command line, a  customized response file  is created, and
     the  name of  the  response file  is passed  instead.  The  exact
     format of the response file depends on the compiler you're using.

          This  is followed  by system-dependent  ways of  linking the
     "alias"  object file  to create  multiple executables.   For most
     systems, we only really link it once to form the "ex" executable,
     and  then copy  that  executable to  form the  "vi", "view",  and
     "input"  executables.    OS-9,  though,  doesn't   need  an  "ex"
     executable and it requires actual linking for each alias.

          Next comes installation,  in all its system dependent forms.
     This  uses the  now-familiar trick of  saying that  the "install"
     target  depends on  a  bogus file  named  "inst.$(SYS)" and  then
     listing each installation  technique after that.  There should be
     no surprises here.







                                   - 5 -







          The  rest  of  Makefile.mix  contains  a few  handy  pseudo-
     targets, such as "make clean".
























































                                   - 6 -







     10.  CFLAGS

          Elvis uses many preprocessor symbols to control compilation.
     Some  of these  control the  sizes of buffers  and such.   The "-
     DNO_XXXX" options remove small sets of related features.

          Most  Elvis users  will probably want  to keep  all features
     available.  Minix-PC  users, though, will have  to sacrifice some
     sets because otherwise Elvis  would be too bulky to compile.  The
     "asld" phase of the compiler craps out.

     -DM_SYSV, -Dbsd, -DTOS, -DCOHERENT, -Damiga
          These flags  tell the compiler that  Elvis is being compiled
          for  System-V  UNIX,  BSD  UNIX,  Atari  TOS,  Coherent,  or
          AmigaDos,  respectively.  For  other  systems, the  config.h
          file can generally figure it out automatically.

     -DRAINBOW
          For MS-DOS systems,  this causes support for the DEC Rainbow
          to be compiled into Elvis.

     -DNO_S5WINSIZE
          Some  versions  of  SysV  UNIX  don't  support  support  the
          "winsize" style of  screen-size testing.  If you have a SysV
          system  and  can't   compile  "curses.c",  then  try  adding
          -DNO_S5WINSIZE to the CFLAGS.

     -DTERMIOS
          POSIX is a  SysV-derived specification which uses a terminal
          control package called "termios", instead of "termio".  Some
          other SysV systems may also use termios.  You can make elvis
          uses  termios instead  of the more  common termio  by adding
          -DTERMIOS to  CFLAGS.  (Note:  This hasn't been  tested very
          well.)

     -DNBUFS=number
          Elvis keeps  most of your  text in a temporary  file; only a
          small amount  is actually stored  in RAM.  This  flag allows
          you to  control how much  of the file  can be in  RAM at any
          time.  The default is 5 blocks, and the minimum is 3 blocks.
          (See the -DBLKSIZE flag, below.)

          More RAM  allows global changes  to happen a  little faster.
          If you're just making many small changes in one section of a
          file, though, extra RAM won't help much.

     -DBLKSIZE=number
          This controls the size of blocks that Elvis uses internally.
          The value of BLKSIZE must be a power of two.  Every time you
          double BLKSIZE,  you quadruple the size of  a text file that
          Elvis can  handle, but you also cause  the temporary file to
          grow  faster.   For  MS-DOS,  Coherent,  and  Minix-PC,  the
          default value is 1024, which  allows you to edit files up to
          almost 512K bytes  long.  For all other systems, the default
          value  is 2048,  which  allows you  to edit  files that  are



                                   - 1 -







          nearly 2 megabytes long.

          The BLKSIZE  also determines the maximum  line length, and a
          few other limits.   BLKSIZE should be either 256, 512, 1024,
          or  2048.   Values  other than  these  can  lead to  strange
          behaviour.

     -DTMPDIR=string
          This sets the default value of the "directory" option, which
          specifies  where  the temporary  files  should reside.   The
          value  of TMPDIR  must be  a string, so  be sure  your value
          includes the quote characters on each end.

     -DEXRC=str, -DHMEXRC=str, -DSYSEXRC=str, -DEXINIT=str
          This lets you control the names of the initialization files.
          Their values must be strings, so be careful about quoting.

          EXRC is  the name of the initialization  file in the current
          directory.  Its default  value is ".exrc" on UNIX systems --
          the  same as  the real  vi.   Since that  isn't a  legal DOS
          filename, under  DOS the  default is "elvis.rc".   For other
          systems, check the config.h file.

          HMEXRC is  the name of the initialization  file in your home
          directory.  By default, it  is the same as EXRC.  Elvis will
          automatically  prepend the  name of  your home  directory to
          HMEXRC at run time, so don't give a full path name.

          SYSEXRC is  the name  of a system-wide  initialization file.
          It has no default value; if you don't define a value for it,
          then  the code  that supports  SYSEXRC just  isn't compiled.
          The value of SYSEXRC should be a full pathname, in quotes.

          EXINIT  is the  name  of an  environment  variable that  can
          contain  initialization commands.   Normally,  its value  is
          "EXINIT".

     -DKEYWORDPRG=string
          This flag  determines the default value  of the "keywordprg"
          option.  Its  value must  be a  string, so be  careful about
          quoting.  The default value  of this flag is "ref", which is
          a C reference program.

     -DCC_COMMAND=string -DMAKE_COMMAND=string -DERRLIST=string
          These  control  the  names of  the  C  compiler, the  "make"
          utility, and the  error output file, respectively.  They are
          only used if -DNO_ERRLIST is not given.

          The  default value  of CC_COMMAND  depends on  the Operating
          System and compiler that you use to compile elvis; for UNIX,
          the default is "cc".  The default values of MAKE_COMMAND and
          ERRLIST are "make" and "errlist", respectively.






                                   - 2 -








     -DMAXRCLEN=number
          This  determines  how  large  a  :@  macro  command  can  be
          (measured  in bytes).   The default is  1000 bytes.   If you
          increase  this value  significantly,  then you  may need  to
          allocate  extra  memory  for  the  stack.  See  the  "CHMEM"
          setting in the Makefile.

     -DSHELL=string
          This is  the default value of the  "shell" option, and hence
          the  default  shell  used  from  within  Elvis.   This  only
          controls  the  default;  the  value  you  give here  may  be
          overridden  at run-time by  setting an  environment variable
          named SHELL  (or COMSPEC for  MS-DOS).  Its value  must be a
          string constant, so be careful about quoting.

     -DMAILER=string
          This is the name of the program that Elvis uses to send mail
          to  a user  whose text  has just  been preserved.   (See the
          manual page for the elvprsv program.) If your system doesn't
          use electronic  mail, then  this option is  irrelevent.  For
          UNIX and OS-9 systems,  though, the value should be a quoted
          string.   The default  value is "mail",  but SysV  users may
          prefer to use "mailx", and BSD users may prefer "Mail".

     -DTAGS=string
          This sets the name of the  "tags" file, which is used by the
          :tag command.   Its value must  be a string  constant, so be
          careful about quoting.

     -DCS_IBMPC -DCS_LATIN1 -DCS_SPECIAL
          The digraph  table and  flipcase option will  normally start
          out empty.  However, if you add -DCS_IBMPC or -DCS_LATIN1 to
          your  CFLAGS, then  they will start  out filled  with values
          that are appropriate for the IBM PC character set or the ISO
          Latin-1 character set, respectively.

          You can also use -DCS_IBMPC and -DCS_SPECIAL together to get
          digraphs that produce the PC's graphic characters.

     -DDEBUG -DEBUG2
          -DDEBUG adds the ":debug" and ":validate" commands, and also
          adds  many internal  consistency checks.   It  increases the
          size of the ".text" segment by about 6K.

          -DDEBUG2  causes a  line  to be  appended to  a file  called
          "debug.out" everytime any change is made to the edit buffer.

     -DCRUNCH
          This flag  removes some non-critical code,  so that Elvis is
          smaller.   For  example, it  removes  a  short-cut from  the
          regexp  package, so  that text  searches are  slower.  Also,
          screen updates  are not as  efficient.  A couple  of obscure
          features are disabled by this, too.




                                   - 3 -








     -DNO_MKEXRC
          This removes  the ":mkexrc" command,  so you have  to create
          any  .exrc files  manually.  The size  of the  .text segment
          will be reduced by about 1500 bytes.

     -DNO_CHARATTR
          Permanently disables the  charattr option.  This reduces the
          size of your ".text" segment by about 850 bytes.

     -DNO_RECYCLE
          Normally, Elvis will recycle space (from the temporary file)
          which  contains totally obsolete  text.  This  flag disables
          this recycling.   Without recycling, the  ".text" segment is
          about 1K  smaller than  it would  otherwise be, but  the tmp
          file grows much faster.  If you  have a lot of free space on
          your  hard  disk,  but  Elvis  is  too  bulky  to  run  with
          recycling, then try it without recycling.

          When using  a version of  Elvis that has  been compiled with
          -DNO_RECYCLE,  you should  be careful  to avoid  making many
          small changes to  a file because each individual change will
          cause  the tmp  file to  grow by at  least 1k.   Hitting "x"
          thirty  times counts  as  thirty changes,  but typing  "30x"
          counts as  one change.  Also,  you should occasionally  do a
          ":w" followed by a ":e" to start with a fresh tmp file.

          Interestingly,  the real  vi never  recycles space  from its
          temporary file.

     -DNO_SENTENCE
          Leaves out the "("  and ")" visual mode commands.  Also, the
          "[[", "]]",  "{", and "}" commands  will not recognize *roff
          macros.  The sections  and paragraphs options go away.  This
          saves about 650 bytes in the ".text" segment.

     -DNO_CHARSEARCH
          Leaves  out  the   visual  commands  which  locate  a  given
          character in  the current line: "f", "t",  "F", "T", "," and
          ";".  This saves about 900 bytes.

     -DNO_EXTENSIONS
          Leaves out the "K" and "#" visual commands.  Also, the arrow
          keys will no longer work in input mode.  Regular expressions
          will  no   longer  recognize  the   \{\}  operator.   (Other
          extensions are  either inherent in  the design of  Elvis, or
          are controlled by more specific flags, or are too tiny to be
          worth removing.) This saves about 250 bytes.

     -DNO_MAGIC
          Permanently disables the  "magic" option, so that most meta-
          characters  in a  regular expression  are  *NOT* recognized.
          This saves about 3k of space in the ".text" segment, because
          the complex regular  expression code can be replaced by much
          simpler code.



                                   - 4 -








     -DNO_SHOWMODE
          Permanently disables the "showmode" option, saving about 250
          bytes.

     -DNO_CURSORSHAPE
          Normally, Elvis tries to adjust the shape of the cursor as a
          reminder of which mode you're in.  The -DNO_CURSORSHAPE flag
          disables this, saving about 150 bytes.

     -DNO_DIGRAPH
          To  allow  entry  of  non-ASCII characters,  Elvis  supports
          digraphs.  A digraph is a single (non-ASCII) character which
          is entered as a combination of two other (ASCII) characters.
          If you don't need  to input non-ASCII characters, or if your
          keyboard  supports  a   better  way  of  entering  non-ASCII
          characters, then  you can disable the  digraph code and save
          about 450 bytes.

     -DNO_ERRLIST
          Elvis  adds  a   ":errlist"  command,  which  is  useful  to
          programmers.   If  you  don't  need  this feature,  you  can
          disable it via  the -DNO_ERRLIST flag.  This will reduce the
          .text segment  by about 900  bytes, and the  .bss segment by
          about 300 bytes.

     -DNO_ABBR
          The -DNO_ABBR flag disables the ":abbr" command, and reduces
          the size of Elvis by about 250 bytes.

     -DNO_OPTCOLS
          When  Elvis displays  the current  options settings  via the
          ":set"  command,  the   options  are  normally  sorted  into
          columns.   The -DNO_OPTCOLS  flag causes  the options  to be
          sorted  across  the  rows, which  is  much  simpler for  the
          computer.   The -DNO_OPTCOLS  flag will  reduce the  size of
          your .text segment by about 500 bytes.

     -DNO_MODELINES
          This removes all support for modelines.

     -DNO_TAG
          This disables tag lookup.   It reduces the size of the .text
          segment by about 750 bytes.

     -DNO_TAGSTACK
          This disables  the tagstack.  The ^T  and :pop commands will
          no longer be available.

     -DNO_ALT_FKEY, -DNO_CTRL_FKEY, -DNO_SHIFT_FKEY, -DNO_FKEY
          These   remove   explicit    support   of   function   keys.
          -DNO_ALT_FKEY removes  support for the  <alternate> versions
          function  keys.   -DNO_CTRL_FKEY  removes  support  for  the
          <control>   and    <alternate>   versions   function   keys.
          -DNO_SHIFT_FKEY removes support  for the <shift>, <control>,



                                   - 5 -







          and <alternate>  versions function keys.   -DNO_FKEY removes
          all support of function keys.

          Elvis's  ":map"  command  normally  allows  you to  use  the
          special  sequence  "#<n>"  to  map  function key  <n>.   For
          example,  ":map #1  {!}fmt^M"  will cause  the  <F1> key  to
          reformat a  paragraph.  Elvis checks the  :k1=: field in the
          termcap description of your terminal to figure out what code
          is sent  by the <F1>  key.  This is handy  because it allows
          you to create a .exrc file which maps function keys the same
          way regardless of what type of terminal you use.

          That behaviour is standard; most implementations of the real
          vi supports it too.  Elvis  extends this to allow you to use
          "#1s"  to   refer  to   <shift>+<F1>,  "#1c"  to   refer  to
          <control>+<F1>,  and  "#1a"  to  refer to  <alt>+<F1>.   The
          termcap  description  for the  terminal  should have  fields
          named :s1=:c1=:a1=: respectively, to define the code sent by
          these   key    conbinations.    (You   should    also   have
          :k2=:s2=:c2=:a2=: for the <F2> key, and so on.)

          But there  may be  problems.  The terminfo  database doesn't
          support :s1=:c1=:a1=:,  so no terminfo  terminal description
          could ever  support shift/control/alt function  keys; so you
          might as well  add -DNO_SHIFT_FKEY to CFLAGS if you're using
          terminfo.

          Note  that,  even  if you  have  -DNO_FKEYS,  you can  still
          configure  Elvis to  use your function  keys my  mapping the
          literal character codes  sent by the key.  You just couldn't
          do it in a terminal-independent way.

     -DTERM_925, -DTERM_AMIGA, -DTERM_VT100, -DTERM_VT52, etc.
          The  tinytcap.c   file  contains  descriptions   of  several
          terminal  types.   For each  system  that  uses tinytcap,  a
          reasonable subset of  the available descriptions is actually
          compiled into  Elvis.  If you  wish to enlarge  this subset,
          then  you can  add the appropriate  -DTERM_XXX flag  to your
          CFLAGS settings.

          For  a  list  of the  available  terminal  types, check  the
          tinytcap.c file.

     -DINTERNAL_TAGS
          Normally,  Elvis  uses  the  "ref"  program to  perform  tag
          lookup.   This  is  more powerful  than  the  real vi's  tag
          lookup, but it can be much slower.

          If  you add  -DINTERNAL_TAGS  to your  CFLAGS setting,  then
          Elvis will  use its own  internal tag lookup  code, which is
          faster.







                                   - 6 -








     -DPRSVDIR=directory
          This  controls where  preserved  files will  be placed.   An
          appropriate  default  has  been  chosen for  each  Operating
          System, so you probably don't need to worry about it.

     -DFILEPERMS=number
          This  affects the  attributes of files  that are  created by
          Elvis;  it is  used as  the second  argument to  the creat()
          function.   The default  is 0666 which  (on UNIX  systems at
          least) means  that anybody can  read or write  the new file,
          but  nobody can  execute it.  On  UNIX systems,  the creat()
          call modifies this via the umask setting.

     -DKEYBUFSIZE=number
          This determines the size of the type-ahead buffer that elvis
          uses.   It  also limits  the  size of  keymaps  that it  can
          handle.   The default  is 1000  characters, which  should be
          plenty.







































                                   - 7 -







     11.  TERMCAP

          Elvis uses  fairly standard termcap fields  for most things.
     I invented  the cursor shape  names and some of  the function key
     names, but other than that there should be few surprises.

     Required numeric fields
          :co#:       number of columns on the screen (chars per line)
          :li#:       number of lines on the screen

     Required string fields
          :ce=:       clear to end-of-line
          :cl=:       home the cursor & clear the screen
          :cm=:       move the cursor to a given row/column
          :up=:       move the cursor up one line

     Boolean fields
          :am:        auto margins - wrap when char is written in last column?
          :xn:        brain-damaged auto margins - newline ignored after wrap
          :pt:        physical tabs?

     Optional string fields
          :al=:       insert a blank row on the screen
          :dl=:       delete a row from the screen
          :cd=:       clear to end of display
          :ei=:       end insert mode
          :ic=:       insert a blank character
          :im=:       start insert mode
          :dc=:       delete a character
          :sr=:       scroll reverse (insert row at top of screen)
          :vb=:       visible bell
          :ks=:       keypad enable
          :ke=:       keypad disable
          :ti=:       terminal initialization string, to start full-screen mode
          :te=:       terminal termination, to end full-screen mode

     Optional strings received from the keyboard
          :kd=:       sequence sent by the <down arrow> key
          :kl=:       sequence sent by the <left arrow> key
          :kr=:       sequence sent by the <right arrow> key
          :ku=:       sequence sent by the <up arrow> key
          :kP=:       sequence sent by the <PgUp> key
          :kN=:       sequence sent by the <PgDn> key
          :kh=:       sequence sent by the <Home> key
          :kH=:       sequence sent by the <End> key
          :kI=:       sequence sent by the <Insert> key

          Originally, termcap  didn't have  any names for  the <PgUp>,
     <PgDn>, <Home>,  and <End>  keys.  Although the  capability names
     shown  in the  table  above are  the  most common,  they are  not
     universal.   SCO  Xenix uses  :PU=:PD=:HM=:EN=:  for those  keys.
     Also, if the  four arrow keys happen to be  part of a 3x3 keypad,
     then the five non-arrow keys may be named :K1=: through :K5=:, so
     an IBM  PC keyboard may  be described using  those names instead.
     Elvis can find any of these names.



                                   - 1 -








     Optional strings sent by function keys
          :k1=:...:k9=:k0=:   codes sent by <F1> through <F10> keys
          :s1=:...:s9=:s0=:   codes sent by <Shift F1> ... <Shift F10>
          :c1=:...:c9=:c0=:   codes sent by <Ctrl F1> ... <Ctrl F10>
          :a1=:...:a9=:a0=:   codes sent by <Alt F1> ... <Alt F10>

          Note that  :k0=: is  used to  describe the <F10>  key.  Some
     termcap documents  recommend :ka=:  or even :k;=:  for describing
     the <F10> key, but Elvis doesn't support that.

          Also, the  :s1=:..., :c1=:...,  and :a1=:... codes  are very
     non-standard.   The   terminfo  library  doesn't   support  them.
     Consequently, if you're using the terminfo library then you might
     as well add -DNO_SHIFT_FKEY to your CFLAGS setting.

     Optional fields that describe character attributes
          :so=:se=:   start/end standout mode (We don't care about :sg#:)
          :us=:ue=:   start/end underlined mode
          :md=:me=:   start/end boldface mode
          :as=:ae=:   start/end alternate character set (italics)
          :ug#:       visible gap left by :us=:ue=:md=:me=:as=:ae=:

     Optional fields that affect the cursor's shape

          The :cQ=: string is used by Elvis immediately before exiting
     to undo the effects of  the other cursor shape strings.  If :cQ=:
     is not given, then all other cursor shape strings are ignored.
          :cQ=:       normal cursor
          :cX=:       cursor used for reading EX command
          :cV=:       cursor used for reading VI commands
          :cI=:       cursor used during VI input mode
          :cR=:       cursor used during VI replace mode

          If the capabilities  above aren't given, then Elvis will try
     to use the following values instead.
          :ve=:       normal cursor, used as :cQ=:cX=:cI=:cR=:
          :vs=:       gaudy cursor, used as :cV=:

     An example

          Here's the termcap entry I use on my Minix-ST system.

     mx|minix|minixst|ansi:\
                 :is=\E[0~:co#80:li#25:bs:pt:\
                 :cm=\E[%i%d;%dH:up=\E[A:do=^J:nd=\E[C:sr=\EM:\
                 :cd=\E[J:ce=\E[K:cl=\E[H\E[J:\
                 :al=\E[L:dl=\E[M:ic=\E[@:dc=\E[P:im=:ei=:\
                 :so=\E[7m:se=\E[m:us=\E[4m:ue=\E[m:\
                 :md=\E[1m:me=\E[m:as=\E[1;3m:ae=\E[m:\
                 :ku=\E[A:kd=\E[B:kr=\E[C:kl=\E[D:\
                 :k1=\E[1~:k2=\E[2~:k3=\E[3~:k4=\E[4~:k5=\E[5~:\
                 :k6=\E[6~:k7=\E[17~:k8=\E[18~:k9=\E[19~:k0=\E[20~:





                                   - 2 -







     12.  ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

          Elvis examines several  environment variables when it starts
     up.   The values  of these  variables are  used internally  for a
     variety of  purposes.  You don't need to define  all of these; on
     most  systems,  Elvis  only  requires  TERM  to be  defined.   On
     AmigaDOS, MS-DOS or TOS systems, even that is optional.

     TERM, TERMCAP
          TERM  tells Elvis  the  name of  the termcap  entry to  use.
          TERMCAP may contain  either the entire termcap entry, or the
          full pathname of the termcap file to search through.

          If your  version of Elvis  is using tinytcap  instead of the
          full termcap library, then the value of TERMCAP can't be the
          name of  a file;  it can only  be undefined, or  contain the
          entire termcap  entry.  In the termcap  entry, tinytcap will
          convert  \E  to  an  <Esc>  character, but  other  backslash
          escapes (\b, \r, etc.)  or carat escapes (^[, ^M, etc.) will
          not be converted to control characters.  Instead, you should
          embed the actual control character into the string.

     TMP, TEMP
          These only work  for AmigaDOS, MS-DOS and Atari TOS.  Either
          of  these  variables  may be  used  to  set the  "directory"
          option, which controls where temporary files are stored.  If
          you define them both, then TMP is used, and TEMP is ignored.

     LINES, COLUMNS
          The termcap entry  for your terminal should specify the size
          of your screen.  If you're using a windowing interface, then
          there is an ioctl() call  which will provide the size of the
          window; the  ioctl() values will override  the values in the
          termcap entry.  The  LINES and COLUMNS environment variables
          (if defined)  will override either of  these sources.  They,
          in turn, can be overridden by a ":set" command.

          Normally, the LINES  and COLUMNS variables shouldn't need to
          be defined.

     EXINIT
          This  variable's value  may contain  one or  more colon-mode
          commands, which  will be executed  after all of  the ".exrc"
          files but before interactive editing begins.

          To put more than one command in EXINIT, you can separate the
          commands with either a newline or a '|' character.

     SHELL, COMSPEC
          You can use COMSPEC in MS-DOS, or SHELL in any other system,
          to specify which shell should be used for executing commands
          and expanding wildcards.






                                   - 1 -








     HOME This  variable should  give the full  pathname of  your home
          directory.   Elvis  needs  to know  the  name  of your  home
          directory so it can locate the ".exrc" file there.

     TAGPATH
          This variable  is used by the "ref"  program.  It contains a
          list  of directories  that might  contain a  relevent "tags"
          file.  Under AmigaDOS, MS-DOS or Atari TOS, the names of the
          directories should be  separated by semicolons (";").  Under
          other operating  systems, the  names should be  separated by
          colons (":").

          If you  don't define TAGPATH, then "ref"  will use a default
          list which  includes the current  directory and a  few other
          likely  places.  See  the  definition of  DEFTAGPATH at  the
          start of ref.c for an accurate list.









































                                   - 2 -







     13.  VERSIONS

          Elvis currently  works under  BSD UNIX, AT&T  System-V UNIX,
     SCO XENIX, Minix,  Coherent, MS-DOS, Atari TOS, OS9/68k, VAX/VMS,
     and  AmigaDos.   This  section  of  the manual  provides  special
     information that applies to each particular version of Elvis.

          For   all  versions   except  MS-DOS   and  VMS,   the  file
     "Makefile.mix" should be copied to "Makefile", and then edited to
     select the correct set of options for your system.  There is more
     information about this embedded in the file itself.

     13.1 BSD UNIX

          Temporary files are stored in /tmp.

          You  should  modify  /etc/rc  so  that  the temp  files  are
     preserved when  the system is  rebooted.  Find a  line in /etc/rc
     which reads

          ex4.3preserve /tmp

     or something like that, and append the following line:

          elvprsv /tmp/elv*

          If you do not have permission to modify /etc/rc, don't fret.
     The above  modification is  only needed  to allow you  to recover
     your  changes after  a  system crash.   You can  still run  Elvis
     without that modification, and you can still recover your changes
     when Elvis  crashes or when your dialup  modem looses the carrier
     signal, or  something like  that.  Only  a system crash  or power
     failure could hurt you.

          Both Elvis and the real Vi read initialization commands from
     a file  called ".exrc", but the commands in  that file might work
     on   one  editor   but  not   the   other.   For   example,  "set
     keywordprg=man" will work for Elvis, but Vi will complain because
     it doesn't  have a "keywordprg" option.   If the warning messages
     annoy you,  then you can edit the CFLAGS  setting in the Makefile
     and add -DEXRC=\".elvisrc\".

          If you  use X windows, you may wish  to add "-DCS_LATIN1" to
     CFLAGS.   This will  cause  the digraph  table  and the  flipcase
     option to have default values that are appropriate for the LATIN-
     1 character set.  That's the standard character set for X.

          The default mailer  used notify users when text is preserver
     is  "mail".  You  may  wish to  change  this to  "Mail" (with  an
     uppercase 'M').   See the description  of "MAILER" in  the CFLAGS
     section of this manual.







                                   - 1 -







          The default keyboard  macro time-out value is larger for BSD
     than  it is  for  some other  systems, because  I've had  trouble
     running Elvis via rlogin or Xterm.   I guess it takes a while for
     those keystokes to squirt through the net.

     13.2 System-V UNIX

          Most SysV UNIX  systems use terminfo instead of termcap, but
     the  terminfo  library  doesn't seem to have a standard name.  As
     shipped,  Elvis'  Makefile.mix    is   configured   with  "LIBS=-
     ltermcap".  You may need to change it to "LIBS=-lterm" or "LIBS=-
     lterminfo" or even "LIBS=-lcurses".

          The /etc/rc  file (or its equivelent)  should be modified as
     described for  BSD systems, above.  There's  a pretty good chance
     that "make install" will do this  for you; it knows how to create
     an  editor recovery  file in the  /etc/rc2.d directory,  which is
     where  most modern  SysV systems  store  initialization commands.
     You only need to do it manually for older SysV systems.

          The potential  trouble with ".exrc" described  above for BSD
     UNIX applies to System-V UNIX as well.

          The default mailer  used notify users when text is preserver
     is  "mail".  You  may wish  to change this  to "mailx".   See the
     description of "MAILER" in the CFLAGS section of this manual.

          Elvis uses control-C as the interrupt key, not Delete.  This
     was  done so  that  the <Del>  key  could be  used for  character
     deletion.

     13.3 SCO Xenix

          For Xenix-386,  you can  use the generic  System-V settings.
     You may  wish to add "-DCS_IBMPC" to CFLAGS,  to have the digraph
     table and flipcase option start  up in a mode that is appropriate
     for the  console.  Also, note  that there is a  separate group of
     settings for use  with Xenix-286.  It already has "-DCS_IBMPC" in
     CFLAGS.

          Because Xenix  is so similar to  System-V, everything I said
     earlier about  System-V applies to the  Xenix version too, except
     that  editor   recovery  might  belong  in   a  directory  called
     /etc/rc.d/8 instead.

     13.4 Minix

          There are separate settings in Makefile.mix for Minix-PC and
     Minix-68k.  The  differences between these  two are that  the 68k
     version  uses ".o"  for the  object file  extension where  the PC
     version uses  ".s", and  the PC version  has some extra  flags in
     CFLAGS to  reduce the  size of Elvis.   The PC version  also uses
     tinytcap (instead of the full termcap) to make it smaller.





                                   - 2 -







          Minix-PC users should read the CFLAGS section of this manual
     very carefully.  You have some choices to make...

          The temporary  files are  stored in /usr/tmp.   The /usr/tmp
     directory  must  exist  before you  run  Elvis,  and  it must  be
     readable  & writable  by everybody.  We  use /usr/tmp  instead of
     /tmp  because after  a  system crash  or power  failure, you  can
     recover the altered version of  a file from the temporary file in
     /usr/tmp.  If  it was  stored in /tmp,  though, then it  would be
     lost because  /tmp is  normally located  on the RAM  disk.  Also,
     you'll  need  a  /usr/preserve  directory  which  is  readable  &
     writable by root; this directory is used to store text files that
     have  been preserved  after a crash.   The "make  install" script
     will create it if necessary.

          Elvis uses control-C as the interrupt key, not Delete.

     13.5 Coherent

          Elvis was ported to Coherent by Esa Ahola.

          Elvis  is  too  large  to  run  under  Coherent  unless  you
     eliminate some features  via the CFLAGS setting.  The recommended
     settings,  in Makefile.mix,  produce a  working version  of Elvis
     which emulates  Vi faithfully, but lacks  most of the extensions.
     You should read the CFLAGS section of this manual carefully.

          You  can  probably   reduce  the  size  of  Elvis  by  using
     tinytcap.c instead of -lterm.   This would allow you to keep most
     features  of  Elvis, at  the  expense  of terminal  independence.
     (Tinytcap.c has ANSI escape sequences hard-coded into it.) To use
     tinytcap,  just add  "tinytcap.o"  to the  "EXTRA="  line in  the
     Makefile, and remove "-lterm" from the "LIBS=" line.

          The temporary files are stored in /tmp.  Preserved files are
     stored in /usr/preserve.   You should modify your /etc/rc file to
     support file file preservation; add the line...

          /usr/bin/elvprsv /tmp/*


     13.6 MS-DOS

          Elvis  was ported  to  MS-DOS by  Guntram  Blohm and  Martin
     Patzel.  Willett Kempton added support for the DEC Rainbow.

          Ideally, Elvis should  be compiled with Microsoft C 5.10 and
     the  standard  Microsoft  Make  utility,  via the  command  "make
     elvis.mak".  This will compile Elvis and all related utilities.

          With  Microsoft  C  6.00,  you  may have  trouble  compiling
     regexp.c.  If so, try compiling it without optimization.






                                   - 3 -







          The "Makefile.mix" file contains a set of suggested settings
     for  compiling Elvis  with Turbo-C  or Borland  C.  (If  you have
     Turbo-C, but  not the Make  utility, then you can  almost use the
     "Elvis.prj" file to  compile Elvis, but you must explicitly force
     Turbo-C to  compile it with  the "medium" memory  model.  Most of
     the related  programs [ctags,  ref, virec, refont,  and wildcard]
     are only  one file long, so you should  have no trouble compiling
     them.) The  "alias.c" file is  meant to be compiled  once into an
     executable  named "ex.exe".   You  should then  copy "ex.exe"  to
     "vi.exe" and "view.exe".

          Elvis stores its temporary  files in C:\tmp.  If this is not
     satisfactory,  then  you  should edit  the  CFLAGS  line of  your
     Makefile  to change  TMPDIR to  something else  before compiling.
     You  can also  control  the name  of  the temp  directory via  an
     environment variable named TMP or TEMP.  The directory must exist
     before you can run Elvis.

          The  TERM  environment variable  determines  how Elvis  will
     write to the  screen.  It can be set to  any one of the following
     values:
                    pcbios    Use BIOS calls on an IBM-PC clone.
                    rainbow   Use DEC Rainbow interface.
                    ansi      Use ANSI.SYS driver.
                    nansi     User faster NANSI.SYS driver.

          If   the  TERM   variable   isn't  set,   then  Elvis   will
     automatically select either  the "rainbow" interface (when run on
     a Rainbow) or "pcbios" (on an IBM clone).

          You may  prefer to use NANSI.SYS for speed;  or you may NEED
     to use ANSI.SYS  for a non-clone, such as a  lap-top.  If so, you
     should  install  one   of  these  drivers  by  adding  "driver  =
     nansi.sys" (or  whatever) to your  CONFIG.SYS file, and  then you
     should define  TERM to  be "nansi"  (or whatever) by  adding "set
     TERM=nansi" to your  AUTOEXEC.BAT file.  You must then reboot for
     these changes to take  effect.  After that, Elvis will notice the
     "TERM" setting and use the driver.

          Since  ".exrc"  is not a valid DOS filename, the name of the
     initialization file has been changed to "elvis.rc".   Elvis  will
     look  for an "elvis.rc" file first in your home directory.  If it
     exists, and contains  ":set exrc",  then  Elvis  will  check  for
     another  "elvis.rc"  in  the  current directory.  By default, the
     directory where ELVIS.EXE  resides  is  taken  to  be  your  home
     directory.    You   can  override  this  default  by  setting  an
     environment variable named "HOME" to the full  pathname  of  your
     home  directory.   To  set  "HOME",  you  would typically add the
     following line to your AUTOEXEC.BAT file:

          set HOME c:\







                                   - 4 -







          An extra  program, called "wildcard", is  needed for MS-DOS.
     It expands wildcard characters in file names.  If Elvis flashes a
     "Bad  command or  filename" message when  it starts,  then you've
     probably lost the WILDCARD.EXE program somehow.

          Elvis  can  run under Windows, but you may have trouble with
     TEMP.  Windows uses  an  environment variable  called TEMP  which
     interferes with  Elvis' usage of  TEMP; to work  around this, you
     can simply set an environment variable named TMP (with no 'E') to
     the name  of Elvis' temporary  directory.  When TEMP  and TMP are
     both set, Elvis uses TMP and ignored TEMP.

     13.7 Atari TOS

          Elvis was  ported to Atari  TOS by Guntram  Blohm and Martin
     Patzel.  It  is very similar to the MS-DOS  version.  It has been
     tested with the Mark Williams C compiler and also GNU-C.

          The TERM environment variable is ignored; the ST port always
     assumes that TERM=vt52.  The SHELL (not COMSPEC!) variable should
     be set to the name of a line-oriented shell.

          A simple  shell in  included with  Elvis.  Its source  is in
     "shell.c", and  the name of  the executable is  "shell.ttp".  The
     file  "profile.sh" should  contain a  set  of instructions  to be
     executed when the shell first starts up.  An example of this file
     is included, but you will  almost certainly want to edit it right
     away  to  match  your  configuration.   (If  you already  have  a
     command-line shell,  then you'll probably want  to continue using
     it.  The shell that comes with Elvis is very limited.)

          Currently, character  attributes cannot be  displayed on the
     screen.

          Elvis  runs under  MiNT (a  free multi-tasking  extension to
     TOS) but it can be a  CPU hog because of the way that Elvis reads
     from the  keyboard with timeout.  Also, Elvis  doesn't use any of
     the special  features of MiNT.  I have received  a set of patches
     that  optimize  Elvis for  MiNT,  but they  arrived  too late  to
     integrate into this release.

     13.8 OS9/68k

          Elvis was ported to OS9/68k by Peter Reinig.

          The Makefile  is currently  configured to install  Elvis and
     the   related  programs   in   /dd/usr/cmds  If   this  this   is
     unacceptable,  then you  should change  the  BIN setting  to some
     other directory.  Similarly, it expects the source code to reside
     in /dd/usr/src/elvis; the ODIR setting is used to control this.








                                   - 5 -







          Temporary files  are stored in the  /dd/tmp directory.  Your
     /dd/startup  file may  need  to be  modified to  prevent it  from
     deleting Elvis' temporary files; make /dd/startup run the elvprsv
     program before it wipes out /dd/tmp.

          The program  in alias.c is linked  repeatedly to produce the
     "vi",  "view", and  "input" aliases for  Elvis.  Sadly,  the "ex"
     alias is impossible to  implement under OS9 because the shell has
     a built-in command by that name.

          For  some purposes,  you must give  `make' the  "-b" option.
     Specifically,  you need  this for  "make -b  clean" and  "make -b
     install".

     13.9 VAX/VMS

          John Campbell ported Elvis to VAX/VMS.

          A heavily laden VAX can  take half an hour to compile Elvis.
     This is normal.  Don't panic.

          While  running,   Elvis  will  create   temporary  files  in
     SYS$SCRATCH.  Enter  SHOW LOGICAL SYS$SCRATCH to  see what actual
     directory   you   are  using.    Many   sites  have   SYS$SCRATCH
     equivalenced to  SYS$LOGIN.  The Elvis temporary  files look like
     the following on VMS while Elvis is running:
             ELV_1123A.1;1       ELV_1123A.2;1       SO070202.;1

          Also, filtering commands  (like !!dir and !}fmt) should work
     on  VMS.  This  assumes, however, that  you can  create temporary
     mailboxes and that your  mailbox quota (a sysgen parameter) is at
     least 256 bytes  for a single write to the  mailbox.  This is the
     default  sysgen parameter,  so  there should  be  few people  who
     experience filter problems.

          Additionally, an  attempt was  made to support  the standard
     terminals  on VMS:  "vt52", "vt100",  "vt200",  "vt300", "vt101",
     "vt102".   Non-standard terminals could  be supported  by setting
     your terminal type  to UNKNOWN (by entering SET TERM/UNKNOWN) and
     defining  the  logical   name  ELVIS_TERM.   Whatever  ELVIS_TERM
     translates to,  however, will have to  be included in tinytcap.c.
     Note that  the upper/lowercase distinctions  are significant, and
     that DCL will upshift  characters that are not quoted strings, so
     enter  DEFINE  ELVIS_TERM "hp2621a".   As  distributed, it  would
     probably  not be  a  good idea  to  have more  than the  standard
     terminals in  tinytcap.c (else it  wouldn't be tiny,  would it?).
     Changes here,  of course, would  require a recompilation  to take
     effect.

          If you have a  version of the "termcap" library and database
     on your  system, then you  may wish to replace  tinytcap with the
     real termcap.






                                   - 6 -






     13.10 AmigaDOS

          Mike Rieser and Dale Rahn ported Elvis to AmigaDOS.

          The port  was done using  Manx Aztec C  version 5.2b.  Elvis
     uses about  as much space as  it can and still  be small code and
     data.  Elvis should also  compile under DICE, though there may be
     a little trouble with signed versus unsigned chars.

          The port  has been  done so the  same binary will  run under
     both versions  of AmigaDOS.  Under AmigaDOS  2.04, Elvis supports
     all the  documented features.  It  also uses an  external program
     ref to  do tag  lookup.  So,  the accompanying programs:  ref and
     ctags are recommended.   Under AmigaDOS 1.2/1.3 Elvis works, buts
     lacks the more advanced features.

          For  the port  to AmigaDOS  2.04,  we tried  to use  as many
     Native AmigaDOS calls  as we could.  This should increase Elvis's
     chances at  being compiled with  other compilers.  DICE  seems to
     have  a different  default char  type.  You may  need to  use the
     UCHAR() macro in tio.c.  To test  it, try the :map command; if it
     looks right, things are cool.

          For  the port  to AmigaDOS  1.3, we tried  to make  sure the
     program  was at  least usable.  Many  features are  missing, most
     notably running  commands in subshells.  Also,  what we could get
     working, we used Aztec functions to support them, so this part is
     little more compiler dependent.

          Aztec  is  compatible  with  the  SAS  libcall  #pragma.   I
     personally  prefer using  the includes  that come  from Commodore
     over the ones supplied with Aztec, but for people with a straight
     Aztec installation,  I went with the default  names for the Aztec
     pragmas.

          One  include you'll  need is  <sys/types.h>.  It's  a common
     include when porting software just make yourself one.  It's a two
     line  file that  saves a  lot of hassle  especially in  the Elvis
     source.   So, make  a directory where  your includes  are located
     called `sys' and in a file below that type:
             /* sys/types.h */
             #include <exec/types.h>

          When setting environment  variables (either local or global)
     for variables  that specify a  directory, make sure  the variable
     ends in `:' or `/'.  This saved from having to change much of the
     way Elvis  works.  The default  temporary directory (if  TEMP and
     TMP aren't specified) is "T:".  The default if HOME directory (if
     no HOME environment variable is set) is "S:".

          To  avoid  conlict  with  other  uses, Elvis  uses  elvis.rc
     instead of .exrc or where it looks for macros.







                                   - 7 -






     13.11 Other Systems

          For SunOS and Solaris 1.x, use the BSD settings; for Solaris
     2.x,  use the  SysV settings.  Earlier  versions of  Elvis didn't
     link  correctly due  to a  quirk in Sun's  version of  the "make"
     utility, but  this version  of Elvis  has a work-around  for that
     quirk so you should have no trouble at all.

          For  Linux, use  the SysV settings.   You can  probably just
     remove  the "-lterm"  from the "LIBS=  -lterm" line,  since linux
     keeps the termcap functions in the standard C library.

          For  other UNIXoid  systems, I  suggest  you start  with the
     Minix-68k  settings and  then grow  from that.   Minix is  a nice
     starting point because it is a clone of Version 7 UNIX, which was
     the  last  common  ancestor  of  BSD  UNIX and  SysV  UNIX.   Any
     Operating System which claims any UNIX compatibility what so ever
     will  therefore support  V7/Minix code.  You  may need  to fiddle
     with #include  directives or  something, though.  Minix-68k  is a
     better starting  point than Minix-PC because  the PC compiler has
     some severe quirks.

          If you're thinking of porting Elvis to some non-UNIX system,
     I suggest  you begin by studying the  "INTERNALS" section of this
     manual.


































                                   - 8 -







     14.  QUESTIONS & ANSWERS


     1)  How can I make Elvis run faster under DOS?

             There are several things you can  do.  The first thing to
             do is get a  good screen driver such  as NANSI.SYS.  This
             can speed up screen  redrawing by as much  as a factor of
             eight!  The DOS-specific part of section 12 tells you how
             to do this.

             You might also  consider reducing the size  of the blocks
             that Elvis uses.   You'll need  to recompile Elvis  to do
             this.  The  default  BLKSIZE  is 1024  byte  for the  DOS
             version of  Elvis, which  means that  for  each keystroke
             that you insert, Elvis must shift an average of about 500
             bytes.  That's a lot to ask  from a little old 5MHz 8088.
             A BLKSIZE of 512 bytes might be more appropriate.

             If you're really desperate for more speed, you might want
             to make Elvis  store its temporary  files on a  RAM disk.
             However, this limits the  size of the file  you can edit,
             and it eliminates any chance you  may have had to recover
             your work after a  power failure or system  crash, but it
             might be  worth it;  you decide.  To  do this,  add ":set
             dir=R:\" (or  whatever your  RAM disk's  name is)  to the
             elvis.rc file.

             Next, consider turning  off the "sync"  option.  When the
             sync option is turned on, Elvis  will close the temporary
             file and reopen it after every  change, in order to force
             DOS to  update the  file's directory  entry.  If  you put
             ":set nosync"  into the  elvis.rc file,  then  Elvis will
             only close the  file when  you start editing  a different
             text file, or  when you're exiting  Elvis.  Consequently,
             there is no  chance that you'll  be able to  recover your
             changes after a  power failure...  so if you're  going to
             this, then you might as well  store the temp files on the
             RAM disk, too.


     2)  Where's the <Esc> key on a DEC keyboard?

             I don't know.  Maybe the <F11> key?  You could always use
             ":map!" to make  some other key  act like the  <Esc> key.
             If all else fails, use <Control><[>.


     3)  Is there a way to show which keys do what?

             Yes.  The command ":map" will show  what each key does in
             command mode,  and  ":map!"  (with  an exclamation  mark)
             shows what each key does in input mode.





                                   - 1 -








             The table is divided into three columns: the key's label,
             the characters  that it  sends, and  the  characters that
             Elvis pretends you typed.


     4)  How can I make Elvis display long lines like the real vi?

             You can't yet.  The next version  of Elvis should support
             this, though.


     5)  I  can't  recover  my  text  [under  MS-DOS  or  Atari  TOS].
         According to  the directory listing, the  temporary file is 0
         bytes long.  What went wrong?

             MS-DOS and TOS only update a  file's directory entry when
             the file is closed.  If the system crashes while the file
             is still  open, then  the file's  length  is stored  as 0
             bytes.  The  ":set sync"  option is  supposed  to prevent
             this; you  probably  turned  it off  in  the interest  of
             speed, right?

             Under MS-DOS [I don't know about  TOS], you should delete
             the empty  temporary file, and  then run  CHKDSK/F.  This
             might find the data that belonged  in the empty file, and
             place it in a  new file with a  name like "000001.CHK" --
             something like  that.  You  can then  try to  extract the
             text from  that  temporary  file  by  giving the  command
             "elvprsv -R  000001.chk".   If  you're  lucky, then  this
             might recover your text.


     6)  What is the most current version of Elvis?

             Each version of Elvis that is  released to the public has
             a version number of the form "number point number".  As I
             write this, the most current version of Elvis is 1.7.

             The intermediate steps  between one release  and the next
             are labeled with  the next version number,  with a letter
             appended.  For example, after 1.4 was released, I started
             working on 1.5a.   I am currently working  on 2.0a.  When
             Elvis reaches  a  stable  state,  I'll  call it  2.0  and
             release it.

             Sometimes a beta-test version of  Elvis will be available
             via anonymous FTP from  m2xenix.psg.com, in the directory
             "pub/elvis/beta".


     7)  I  only got  executables,  but now  I want  the source  code.
         Where can I get it?





                                   - 2 -








             If you have  access to the  Internet, then you  should be
             able to fetch it from one  of the public archives such as
             plains.nodak.edu.  It is accessible via anonymous FTP, or
             via     an      email     server      named     "archive-
             [e-mail]".   Elvis   is  located   in  the
             directory "/pub/Minix/all.contrib".

             It is also available  from the C Users'  Group, in volume
             #365.  As I write this, they  are asking $4 per disk plus
             $3.50 per  order  in  the US,  and  elvis requires  three
             disks; this is subject to change.   Their phone number is
             [phone], and their address is:

                              The C Users' Group
                              1601 W. 23rd Street, #200
                              Lawrence  KS  66046-2743


     8)  Is this shareware, or public domain, or what?

             It is not public  domain; it is copyrighted  by me, Steve
             Kirkendall.  However, this  particular version  is freely
             redistributable, in  either  source  form  or  executable
             form.  (I  would  prefer that  you give  copies away  for
             free, complete with  the full source code...  but I'm not
             going to force you.)

             It is  not  shareware;  you aren't  expected  to send  me
             anything.  You can use it without guilt.

             It is not "copylefted." I hold a copyright, but currently
             I have not added  any of the usual  restrictions that you
             would find on copylefted software.  If people start doing
             really obnoxious  things  to  Elvis,  then  I will  start
             adding restrictions to  subsequent versions,  but earlier
             versions won't be affected.  (So  far, everybody has been
             pretty good  about  this  so  no  restrictions have  been
             necessary.)


     9)  Can I reuse parts of your source code?

             Yes.  Please be  careful, though,  to make sure  that the
             code really is mine.  Some of the code was contributed by
             other people, and I don't have  the authority to give you
             permission to  use it.   The author's  name can  be found
             near the  top of  each source  file.   If it  says "Steve
             Kirkendall" then you may use  it; otherwise, you'd better
             contact the author first.

             Please don't remove my name from the source code.  If you
             modify the source, please  make a note of  that fact in a
             comment near the  top of the source  code.  And, finally,
             please mention my name in your documentation.



                                   - 3 -









     10) Can Elvis work with non-ASCII files?

             Elvis is 8-bit  clean.  This means that  Elvis will allow
             you to  edit  files that  use a  European extended  ASCII
             character set.   However,  some terminals  are not  8-bit
             clean; they  treat characters in  the range  0x80-0x9f as
             control characters.  Elvis  expects all  characters above
             0x7f to be  treated as normal  displayable characters, so
             on these terminals Elvis may produce a scrambled display.

             Elvis can't edit binary files because it can't handle the
             NUL character, and because of line-length limitations.

             Elvis has  also modified  to work  with  16-bit character
             sets, but that  modification is not part  of the standard
             Elvis distribution.  Yongguang  Zhang ([e-mail])
             has created a  Chinese version of Elvis  that uses 16-bit
             characters and runs  under cxterm (Chinese  X-term) on X-
             windows systems.  Junichiro  Itoh ([e-mail])
             has modified Elvis to edit Japanese text under MS-DOS.




































                                   - 4 -





          CTAGS                                                       CTAGS




          NAME
               ctags - Generates "tags" and (optionally) "refs" files

          SYNOPSIS
               ctags [-stvra] filesnames...

          DESCRIPTION
               ctags generates the "tags"  and "refs" files from a group of
               C source  files.  The "tags"  file is used  by Elvis' ":tag"
               command, control-] command,  and -t option.  The "refs" file
               is sometimes used by the ref(1) program.

               Each  C source  file is scanned  for #define  statements and
               global  function  definitions.  The  name  of  the macro  or
               function becomes the name of a tag.  For each tag, a line is
               added to the "tags" file which contains:
                           - the name of the tag
                           - a tab character
                           - the name of the file containing the tag
                           - a tab character
                           - a way to find the particular line within the file.

               The  filenames list  will typically  be the  names of  all C
               source files in the current directory, like this:
                    $ ctags -stv *.[ch]

          OPTIONS
               -t   Include  typedefs.  A  tag will  be generated  for each
                    user-defined  type.  Also  tags will  be  generated for
                    struct  and enum  names.   Types are  considered to  be
                    global if they are defined in a header file, and static
                    if they are defined in a C source file.

               -v   Include variable declarations.  A tag will be generated
                    for each  variable, except for those  that are declared
                    inside the body of a function.

               -s   Include  static tags.  Ctags  will normally  put global
                    tags in the "tags" file, and silently ignore the static
                    tags.  This flag  causes both global and static tags to
                    be added.   The name  of a  static tag is  generated by
                    prefixing the  name of the declared  item with the name
                    of  the  file where  it  is defined,  with  a colon  in
                    between.   For  example,  "static foo(){}"  in  "bar.c"
                    results in a tag named "bar.c:foo".

               -r   This causes  ctags to generate both  "tags" and "refs".
                    Without -r, it would only generate "tags".

               -a   Append  to "tags", and  maybe "refs".   Normally, ctags
                    overwrites these  files each time it  is invoked.  This
                    flag  is useful  when  you have  to many  files in  the
                    current  directory for  you to  list  them on  a single


          Command Reference               1                          Page 1





          CTAGS                                                       CTAGS



                    command-line;  it  allows you  to  split the  arguments
                    among several invocations.

          FILES
               tags A cross-reference that lists each tag name, the name of
                    the source file that contains it, and a way to locate a
                    particular line in the source file.

               refs The "refs"  file contains the definitions  for each tag
                    in the  "tags" file, and  very little else.   This file
                    can be useful, for example, when licensing restrictions
                    prevent you from making the source code to the standard
                    C  library   readable  by  everybody,   but  you  still
                    everybody to know  what arguments the library functions
                    need.

          BUGS
               ctags   is   sensitive  to   indenting   and  line   breaks.
               Consequently, it  might not  discover all  of the tags  in a
               file that is formatted in an unusual way.

          SEE ALSO
               elvis(1), refs(1)

          AUTHOR
               Steve Kirkendall
               [e-mail]





























          Command Reference               1                          Page 2





          ELVIS                                                       ELVIS




          NAME
               elvis, ex, vi, view, input - The editor

          SYNOPSIS
               elvis [flags] [+cmd] [files...]

          DESCRIPTION
               Elvis is a text editor which emulates vi/ex.

               On systems which pass  the program name as an argument, such
               as  Unix and  Minix, you  may also  install elvis  under the
               names "ex",  "vi", "view",  and "input".  These  extra names
               would  normally  be  links  to  elvis;  see the  "ln"  shell
               command.

               When elvis is invoked  as "vi", it behaves exactly as though
               it was invoked as  "elvis".  However, if you invoke elvis as
               "view", then  the readonly option  is set as  though you had
               given it  the "-R" flag.  If you invoke  elvis as "ex", then
               elvis will start up in the colon command mode instead of the
               visual command  mode, as  though you  had given it  the "-e"
               flag.  If you invoke  elvis as "input" or "edit", then elvis
               will start  up in  input mode, as  though the "-i"  flag was
               given.

          OPTIONS
               -r   To the  real vi, this  flag means that  a previous edit
                    should  be recovered.   Elvis, though,  has  a separate
                    program, called elvrec(1),  for recovering files.  When
                    you invoke  elvis with -r,  elvis will tell  you to run
                    elvrec.

               -R   This   sets  the  "readonly"   option,  so   you  won't
                    accidentally overwrite a file.

               -t tag
                    This causes elvis to start editing at the given tag.

               -m [file]
                    Elvis will search through file for something that looks
                    like an  error message from  a compiler.  It  will then
                    begin editing  the source  file that caused  the error,
                    with the cursor sitting on the line where the error was
                    detected.  If  you don't  explicitly name a  file, then
                    "errlist" is assumed.

               -e   Elvis will start up in colon command mode.

               -v   Elvis will start up in visual command mode.

               -i   Elvis will start up in input mode.




          Command Reference               1                          Page 1





          ELVIS                                                       ELVIS



               -w winsize
                    Sets the "window" option's value to winsize.

               +command or -c command
                    If you use the +command parameter, then after the first
                    file is loaded command is executed as an EX command.  A
                    typical example would  be "elvis +237 foo", which would
                    cause elvis to start editing foo and then move directly
                    to line  237.  The "-c  command" variant was  added for
                    UNIX SysV compatibility.

          FILES
               /tmp/elv*
                    During editing, elvis  stores text in a temporary file.
                    For UNIX, this file  will usually be stored in the /tmp
                    directory,  and  the  first  three characters  will  be
                    "elv".  For  other systems, the temporary  files may be
                    stored someplace else; see the version-specific section
                    of the documentation.

               tags This is the database  used by the :tags command and the
                    -t  option.   It is  usually  created  by the  ctags(1)
                    program.

               .exrc or elvis.rc
                    On  UNIX-like systems,  a file  called ".exrc"  in your
                    home directory is  executed as a series of ex commands.
                    A file by the same  name may be executed in the current
                    directory,  too.   On   non-UNIX  systems,  ".exrc"  is
                    usually an invalid file name; there, the initialization
                    file is called "elvis.rc" instead.

          ENVIRONMENT
               TERM This  is  the  name of  your  terminal's  entry in  the
                    termcap or terminfo database.  The list of legal values
                    varies from one system to another.

               TERMCAP
                    Optional.  If your system uses termcap, and the TERMCAP
                    variable is unset, then
                     will    read   your    terminal's   definition    from
                    /etc/termcap.  If  TERMCAP is set to  the full pathname
                    of a file (starting with  a '/') then  will look in the
                    named file instead  of /etc/termcap.  If TERMCAP is set
                    to a  value which  doesn't start  with a '/',  then its
                    value is assumed to  be the full termcap entry for your
                    terminal.

               TERMINFO
                    Optional.   If  your  system  uses  terminfo,  and  the
                    TERMINFO variable is unset, then
                     will read your terminal's definition from the database
                    in the /usr/lib/terminfo database.  If TERMINFO is set,
                    then  its value  is used  as the  database name  to use


          Command Reference               1                          Page 2





          ELVIS                                                       ELVIS



                    instead of /usr/lib/terminfo.

               LINES, COLUMNS
                    Optional.  These  variables, if set,  will override the
                    screen  size values given  in the  termcap/terminfo for
                    your terminal.   On windowing  systems such as  X,  has
                    other  ways  of determining  the  screen  size, so  you
                    should probably leave these variables unset.

               EXINIT
                    Optional.   This variable  can hold  EX  commands which
                    will be executed before any .exrc files.

               SHELL
                    Optional.   The SHELL variable  sets the  default value
                    for  the "shell" option,  which determines  which shell
                    program is  used to perform wildcard  expansion in file
                    names,  and also  which is used  to execute  filters or
                    external programs.   The default value  on UNIX systems
                    is "/bin/sh".

                         Note:  Under  MS-DOS,   this  variable  is  called
                    COMSPEC instead of SHELL.

               HOME This variable  should be set  to the name  of your home
                    directory.
                     looks for  its initialization  file there; if  HOME is
                    unset  then   the  initialization  file   will  not  be
                    executed.

               TAGPATH
                    Optional.  This variable  is used by the "ref" program,
                    which is  invoked by  the shift-K, control-],  and :tag
                    commands.  See "ref" for more information.

               TMP, TEMP
                    These optional  environment variables are  only used in
                    non-UNIX  versions of  .  They  allow  you to  supply a
                    directory name to be used for storing temporary files.

          SEE ALSO
               ctags(1), ref(1), virec(1)

               Elvis - A Clone of Vi/Ex, the complete elvis documentation.

          BUGS
               There  is  no  LISP  support.   Certain other  features  are
               missing, too.

               Auto-indent mode  is not quite compatible  with the real vi.
               Among  other things,  0^D and  ^^D don't  do what  you might
               expect.




          Command Reference               1                          Page 3





          ELVIS                                                       ELVIS



               Long  lines are  displayed differently.   The real  vi wraps
               long  lines onto  multiple  rows of  the  screen, but  elvis
               scrolls sideways.

          AUTHOR
               Steve Kirkendall
               [e-mail]

               Many  other people  have  worked to  port  elvis to  various
               operating  systems.  To  see  who deserves  credit, run  the
               :version command  from within elvis, or  look in the system-
               specific section of the complete documentation.












































          Command Reference               1                          Page 4





          ELVPRSV                                                   ELVPRSV




          NAME
               elvprsv - Preserve the  the modified version of a file after
               a crash.

          SYNOPSIS
               elvprsv ["-why elvis died"] /tmp/filename...
               elvprsv -R /tmp/filename...

          DESCRIPTION
               elvprsv preserves  your edited  text after elvis  dies.  The
               text can be recovered later, via the elvprsv program.

               For  UNIX-like systems,  you should never  need to  run this
               program from the command line.  It is run automatically when
               elvis is  about to die,  and it should be  run (via /etc/rc)
               when the computer is booted.  THAT'S ALL!

               For  non-UNIX systems  such as  MS-DOS,  you can  either use
               elvprsv the  same way as  under UNIX systems  (by running it
               from your  AUTOEXEC.BAT file), or you  can run it separately
               with the "-R" flag to recover the files in one step.

               If  you're editing  a file  when elvis dies  (due to  a bug,
               system  crash,  power   failure,  etc.)  then  elvprsv  will
               preserve  the  most   recent  version  of  your  text.   The
               preserved text is stored in a special directory; it does NOT
               overwrite your text file automatically.

               elvprsv will send mail  to any user whose work it preserves,
               if your operating system normally supports mail.

          FILES
               /tmp/elv*
                    The temporary file that elvis was using when it died.

               /usr/preserve/p*
                    The text that is preserved by elvprsv.

               /usr/preserve/Index
                    A  text file  which lists  the  names of  all preserved
                    files,  and  the names  of  the /usr/preserve/p*  files
                    which contain their preserved text.

          BUGS
               Due to  the permissions  on the /usr/preserve  directory, on
               UNIX  systems elvprsv  must be  run  as superuser.   This is
               accomplished by  making the  elvprsv executable be  owned by
               "root" and turning on its "set user id" bit.

               If you're  editing a nameless  buffer when elvis  dies, then
               elvprsv will pretend that the file was named "foo".




          Command Reference               1                          Page 1





          ELVPRSV                                                   ELVPRSV



          AUTHOR
               Steve Kirkendall
               [e-mail]





















































          Command Reference               1                          Page 2





          ELVREC                                                     ELVREC




          NAME
               elvrec  - Recover  the modified  version of  a file  after a
               crash

          SYNOPSIS
               elvrec [preservedfile [newfile]]

          DESCRIPTION
               If  you're  editing  a  file  when  elvis dies,  the  system
               crashes,  or power  fails, the most  recent version  of your
               text will  be preserved.  The preserved text  is stored in a
               special  directory; it  does  NOT overwrite  your text  file
               automatically.

               The elvrec program  locates the preserved version of a given
               file, and writes it over the  top of your text file -- or to
               a new  file, if  you prefer.   The recovered file  will have
               nearly all of your changes.

               To see  a list of all recoverable files,  run elvrec with no
               arguments.

          FILES
               /usr/preserve/p*
                    The text that was preserved when elvis died.

               /usr/preserve/Index
                    A  text file  which lists  the  names of  all preserved
                    files,  and  the names  of  the /usr/preserve/p*  files
                    which contain their preserved text.

          BUGS
               elvrec is  very picky about filenames.  You  must tell it to
               recover the file using exactly the same pathname as when you
               were editing it.  The simplest way  to do this is to go into
               the same directory  that you were editing, and invoke elvrec
               with the same filename as elvis.  If that doesn't work, then
               try running  elvrec with no arguments,  to see exactly which
               pathname it is using for the desired file.

               Due to  the permissions  on the /usr/preserve  directory, on
               UNIX  systems elvrec  must  be run  as  superuser.  This  is
               accomplished  by making  the elvrec  executable be  owned by
               "root" and setting its "set user id" bit.

               If you're  editing a nameless  buffer when elvis  dies, then
               elvrec will pretend that the file was named "foo".

          AUTHOR
               Steve Kirkendall
               [e-mail]




          Command Reference               1                          Page 1





          FMT                                                           FMT




          NAME
               fmt - adjust line-length for paragraphs of text

          SYNOPSIS
               fmt [-width] [files]...

          DESCRIPTION
               fmt  is a  simple  text formatter.   It  inserts or  deletes
               newlines, as necessary, to  make all lines in a paragraph be
               approximately the same  width.  It preserves indentation and
               word spacing.

               The default  line width is 72  characters.  You can override
               this with  the -width flag.  If you don't  name any files on
               the command line, then fmt will read from stdin.

               It  is typically  used  from within  vi to  adjust the  line
               breaks in  a single paragraph.  To do  this, move the cursor
               to the top of the paragraph, type "!}fmt", and hit <Return>.

          AUTHOR
               Steve Kirkendall
               [e-mail]
































          Command Reference               1                          Page 1





          REF                                                           REF




          NAME
               ref - Display a C function header

          SYNOPSIS
               ref [-t] [-c class]... [-f file]... tag

          DESCRIPTION
               ref quickly  locates and displays the  header of a function.
               To do this,  ref looks in the "tags" file  for the line that
               describes the function,  and then  scans the source file for
               the function.  When  it locates the function, it displays an
               introductory  comment  (if  there  is one),  the  function's
               declaration, and the declarations of all arguments.

          SEARCH METHOD
               ref uses  a fairly sophisticated tag  look-up algorithm.  If
               you supply  a filename via  -f file, then  elvis first scans
               the tags file for a  static tag from that file.  This search
               is limited to the tags file in the current directory.

               If you supply a  classname via -c class, then elvis searches
               for a  tag from that  class.  This search is  not limited to
               the current directory;  You can supply a list of directories
               in  the environment  variable TAGPATH,  and ref  will search
               through the  "tags" file in each directory  until it finds a
               tag in the desired class.

               If  that fails,  ref will  then try to  look up  an ordinary
               global  tag.   This search  checks  all  of the  directories
               listed in TAGPATH, too.

               If you've given the -t flag, then ref will simply output the
               tag line that it  found, and then exit.  Without -t, though,
               ref will search  for the tag line.  It will  try to open the
               source file,  which should be  in the same  directory as the
               tags file where the  tag was discovered.  If the source file
               doesn't exist, or is unreadable, then ref will try to open a
               file called "refs"  in that directory.  Either way, ref will
               try to locate the tag, and display whatever it finds.

          INTERACTION WITH ELVIS
               ref is  used by  elvis' shift-K  command.  If the  cursor is
               located on a word such as "splat", in the file "foo.c", then
               elvis will invoke ref with the command "ref -f foo.c splat".

               If elvis  has been  compiled with the  -DEXTERNAL_TAGS flag,
               then elvis  will use  ref to scan  the tags files.   This is
               slower than the  built-in tag searching, but it allows elvis
               to access the more sophisticated tag lookup provided by ref.
               Other  than  that, external  tags  should  act exactly  like
               internal tags.




          Command Reference               1                          Page 1





          REF                                                           REF



          OPTIONS
               -t   Output tag info, instead of the function header.

               -f file
                    The tag  might be a  static function in  file.  You can
                    use several  -f flags to have  ref consider static tags
                    from more than one file.

               -c class
                    The tag might be a  member of class class.  You can use
                    several -c  flags to have  ref consider tags  from more
                    than one class.

          FILES
               tags List of  function names and  their locations, generated
                    by ctags.

               refs Function   headers    extracted   from   source   files
                    (optional).

          ENVIRONMENT
               TAGPATH
                    List of  directories to  be searched.  The  elements in
                    the list  are separated  by either semicolons  (for MS-
                    DOS,  Atari TOS,  and  AmigaDos), or  by colons  (every
                    other  operating system).   For each  operating system,
                    ref has a built-in default which is probably adequate.

          NOTES
               You might want to  generate a "tags" file the directory that
               contains  the source  code for  standard  C library  on your
               system.  If  licensing restrictions prevent  you from making
               the library source  readable by everybody, then you can have
               ctags generate  a "refs" file,  and make "refs"  readable by
               everybody.

               If your  system doesn't come  with the library  source code,
               then  perhaps you  can produce  something workable  from the
               lint libraries.

          SEE ALSO
               elvis(1), ctags(1)

          AUTHOR
               Steve Kirkendall
               [e-mail]










          Command Reference               1                          Page 2